We present the first implementation of AI agents into the design and optimization of detectors in high-energy physics experiments via a bi-level optimization framework that vertically integrates detector geometry, front-end digitization, and high-level reconstruction algorithm parameters in differentiable full simulations. Using the example of a dual-readout, segmented crystal EM calorimeter with a baseline resolution of $3\%/\sqrt{E}$, we investigate the capabilities and value propositions of AI agents in the identification and reduction of key detector parameters and in the nonlinear traversal of design space. We find that frontier LLM reasoning-models today, without being given additional experiment-specific context, are able to effectively execute complex workflows and proactively suggest generic but relevant avenues for further study or improvement. Here, we demonstrate an AI agent's ability to find an optimal design point amidst three competing performance criteria, showing that effective integration of agents into the complex workflows of frontier research areas can yield higher performance for key physics goals while reducing labor and compute. This study establishes the foundation for a future demonstration of the first fully AI-designed detector for future scientific facilities.

We investigate an integrable boundary quench, in which one integrable boundary condition is suddenly switched to another. We develop a general framework for analyzing the resulting real-time dynamics based on form factors of bulk and boundary-changing operators. We first study the problem at the conformal point of the Lee-Yang model and then extend the analysis to its massive perturbation, where we examine the time evolution of the pre-quench vacuum and compute the vacuum-to-vacuum matrix elements of local operators inserted after the quench. The analytical results are validated by numerical calculations using the truncated conformal space approach adapted to boundary-changing situations.

A growing number of Galactic Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars, in particular WC and transitional WN/C (WNC) objects, have been reported at comparatively low luminosities. If confirmed, these low-luminosity WR stars provide stringent tests of stellar-evolution models, because their HR-diagram locations and surface compositions are highly sensitive to internal mixing and to the adopted WR-phase mass-loss history.We examine whether the HR-diagram positions and wind properties of low-luminosity WC/WNC stars can be reproduced by single-star evolutionary tracks at approximately solar metallicity, and we identify cases where additional channels (e.g. binary stripping) or dominant systematic uncertainties are likely required. Low-luminosity WNC/WC stars offer sensitive leverage on WR mixing and mass-loss prescriptions. A staged model-data comparison shows that revised WR winds can alleviate the luminosity-side tension for faint WCL stars, but the simultaneous requirements of temperature, surface composition, and WR-like wind density remain important. The WNC stars provide the strongest evidence that additional mixing, stripping, or binary-related channels may be required.

We address two mass-dependent properties among early-type galaxies (ETGs): (1) abundance ratios [N/Fe] and [Na/Fe], and (2) the centrally concentrated "UV upturn" at far-UV (FUV) wavelengths, which is likely produced by extreme horizontal branch stars with supersolar helium abundances. Using new HST/WFC3 observations of one FUV-weak and one FUV-bright ETG, we probe the "MP scenario" by Goudfrooij who posited that the UV upturn and the mass-dependent abundance variations of N and Na within and among ETGs are physically connected and produced by dissolution of metal-rich globular clusters, which represent the only galactic environment where mass-dependent enrichment of He, N, and Na is known to occur (i.e., second-generation stars of the "multiple stellar populations" (MPs) phenomenon). We show that passbands F275W and F390W are uniquely sensitive to correlated changes in $Y$ and [N/Fe] in integrated-light photometry when combined with archival data in F475W and F850LP. While F475W-F850LP is found to decrease with increasing radius in both galaxies, consistent with known metallicity gradients, F275W-F390W increases with increasing radius, as expected if the UV upturn is caused by second-generation stars with supersolar $Y$ and [N/Fe]. Furthermore, the radial gradient in F275W-F390W and the implied fractions of He- and N-enhanced stars are found to be significantly larger in the FUV-bright ETG than in the FUV-weak one, consistent with the predictions of the MP scenario.

The spectrum of vector charmonium(-like) states in the 4.1\dash4.6~GeV energy region exhibits a long-standing tension between inclusive and exclusive measurements. While the inclusive $R$-value indicates only conventional vector charmonia such as $ψ(4160)$ and $ψ(4415)$, exclusive $e^+e^-$ cross sections reveal additional structures whose parameters strongly depend on the observed final states when fitted with Breit--Wigner functions. This puzzling pattern suggests that coupled-channel and threshold effects play an essential role. In this work, we develop a unified coupled-channel framework for the $1^{--}$ resonances in this energy region. The framework incorporates the $S$-wave open-charm channels $D\bar{D}_1$, $D^*\bar{D}_1$, and $D^*\bar{D}_2^*$ constrained by heavy-quark spin symmetry, optional bare poles associated with $ψ(4160)$ and $ψ(4415)$, and final-state interactions in the $Z_c$ channels. We perform simultaneous fits to the BESIII cross sections for $e^+e^-\to J/ψπ^+π^-$, $h_cπ^+π^-$, $D\bar{D}^*π$, $D^*\bar{D}^*π$, $J/ψη$, and $χ_{c0}ω$, together with invariant-mass distributions exhibiting the $Z_c(3900)$ and $Z_c(4020)$ structures. The benchmark models differ in the number of bare seed states and the fitting strategy. We show that even the purely dynamical scheme without bare charmonia captures the gross features of the analyzed distributions. The inclusion of bare compact states improves the fit quality but does not change the conclusion that the measured line shapes can be understood in terms of strong coupled-channel effects with dynamically generated poles. We also discuss possible heavy-quark spin partners of the exotic $1^{--}$ states.

Charge conjugation violation (CCV) is a central concept in particle physics and appears also for quasiparticles in quantum many-body systems, which typically relies on an embedded external symmetry breaking to the underlying system. An open question is how an intrinsic CCV mechanism could emerge and what its macroscopic consequences would be. We establish sublattice kinks in bipartite fermionic lattices as a concrete setup showing intrinsic CCV. The intrinsic CCV of the sublattice kink is based on the graph-topological nature of the underlying Hamiltonian, with no explicit symmetry breaking taking place. It leads to a population asymmetry of different configurations and imprints a hidden leaf-like structure in the eigenenergy spectrum. The population asymmetry also leads to an imbalanced sublattice-kink production triggered by the vacuum-instability in the quench dynamics. Our work demonstrates the graph topology as the microscopic origin of intrinsic CCV, with the population asymmetry as the macroscopic consequence, of which the proposed setup is highly amenable to experimental implementation via cold-atom quantum simulators.

Fluctuational electrodynamics relies on the assumption that thermal fluctuations in distinct bodies are statistically independent. It is shown that this approximation breaks down in the extreme near-field regime, where hybridization of surface phonon-polaritons across nanometric vacuum gaps generates finite fluctuating-current cross correlations between opposite interfaces. Using a microscopic coupled-oscillator model combined with a Green-tensor formulation of the Poynting vector, the resulting correlation-induced correction to radiative heat transfer is derived. For polar materials, these correlations become significant when the hybridization energy approaches the intrinsic damping rate and can substantially modify conventional fluctuational-electrodynamics predictions at subnanometric separations.

The proposal to formulate chiral gauge theories using domain wall fermions on $2n+1$ dimensional Euclidean lattice with a slab geometry involves $2n$ dimensional dynamical gauge fields residing on one of the domain walls. The gauge fields are extended into the extra dimension using gradient flow decoupling the mirror fermions on the anti-wall. We implement this construction on the lattice for $n=1$ in the presence of $2n$ dimensional background gauge fields. We also formulate and implement an additional gauge field flow proposal, where the gauge fields satisfy $2n+1$ dimensional equation of motion away from the domain wall, known as the EOM (equation of motion) flow. In both cases, we couple the gauge fields to fermions and demonstrate how current conservation and anomaly inflow work on the lattice.

A recent non-perturbative formulation of $2n$ dimensional chiral gauge theories relies on realizing chiral fermions on the $2n$ dimensional boundary of a $2n+1$ dimensional disk manifold. It also requires extending boundary gauge configurations into the interior of the disk using some flow prescription that preserves 2n dimensional gauge invariance. In this paper we propose a concrete realization of the equation of motion flow with the disk embedded on a square lattice. In addition, we couple the flow gauge field to fermions and demonstrate the mechanism of anomaly inflow and anmaly cancellation at work on the lattice.

We propose a bipartite entanglement measure defined as the minimal order-1 quantum Wasserstein distance from a state to the set of separable states. Owing to the universal data-processing inequality of the Wasserstein metric, the measure satisfies all fundamental axioms within a single geometric framework. A Lipschitz dual formulation yields explicit lower bounds for pure and mixed states, a sharp constant for two-qubit systems, and an expected value for Haar-random pure states. We further establish a quantitative connection to entanglement witnesses: any negative witness expectation value certifies a lower bound, and the dual variational bound is exactly the maximal violation achievable by a Lipschitz-1 witness. The approach naturally provides subadditivity, trace-distance estimates, and bounds on local observables, while pointing toward large-deviation conjectures. This work introduces a framework at the interface of entanglement theory, optimal transport, and experimental entanglement detection.

The most compelling evidence for spin-triplet superconductivity has emerged from strongly correlated electron systems, yet whether a substantial spin-triplet component can be realized without strong electronic coupling, by virtue of antisymmetric spin-orbit coupling (ASOC), remains unresolved. We address this question in the weakly-correlated noncentrosymmetric superconductor Nb$_{18}$Re$_{82}$ using low-temperature scanning tunneling spectroscopy on single crystals with different crystallographic orientations. The tunneling spectra exhibit orientation-dependent variations. A symmetry-constrained analysis shows that understanding the complete spectroscopic dataset requires an superconducting order parameter combining a nodal spin-singlet component with a spin-triplet contribution reaching up to half of the singlet amplitude. These results resolve the debated pairing symmetry of Nb$_{18}$Re$_{82}$ and demonstrate that ASOC alone can generate substantial parity mixing, suggesting that triplet superconductivity may be more widespread than previously recognized.

The gravitino is a prominent example of a freeze-in dark matter candidate. Its relic abundance depends on the reheating temperature and on supersymmetry-breaking parameters, that is the universal gaugino mass, $M_{1/2}$, and the gravitino mass, $m_{3/2}$. As a consequence, the reheating temperature consistent with the observed dark matter abundance exhibits a maximum value, $T_{\rm reh}^{\rm reak}$, which decreases as $M_{1/2}$ increases. This behavior gives rise to a tension between prospective lower bounds on the gluino mass from future collider searches and the high reheating temperatures required for successful thermal leptogenesis. In this work, we investigate a nonstandard cosmological scenario in which the thermal bath is supplemented by an additional scalar field. We show that, for a matter-like equation of state, this component can induce a substantial dilution of the gravitino abundance, thereby allowing significantly larger values of the reheating temperature. In contrast, for a kination-like equation of state, the gravitino abundance is enhanced rather than diluted, leading to a reduction of the maximum allowed reheating temperature.

Effective field theory (EFT) provides a systematic framework for parametrizing possible higher-energy corrections to general relativity through higher-curvature interactions. In this work, we investigate gravitational lensing in both weak- and strong-field regimes for EFT-corrected Reissner-Nordström black hole spacetimes, focusing on both weakly charged and near-extremal configurations. Using the strong deflection limit formalism, we derive the corresponding corrections to the deflection angle, photon sphere radius, critical impact parameter, and strong lensing coefficients induced by higher-derivative curvature-electromagnetic interactions. Our analysis is restricted to purely geometrical corrections associated with modifications of the background spacetime geometry, without including polarization-dependent corrections to the photon propagation law. We show that strong gravitational lensing observables in charged black hole backgrounds can provide complementary probes of effective interactions between gravity and electromagnetic fields. These results suggest that future high-precision observations of strong lensing phenomena may place constraints on higher-curvature EFT couplings beyond general relativity.

We bootstrap the four-point next-to-maximally helicity-violating (NMHV) form factor of the chiral stress-tensor supermultiplet in planar maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory through three loops at the symbol level. At two loops, an ansatz built from NMHV leading singularities and the relevant five-point one-mass integral function space is fixed uniquely by physical constraints; the resulting ratio function symbol contains 78 letters, all drawn from the 88-letter alphabet previously identified in the four-point MHV sector. At three loops, using this 88-letter alphabet as input and imposing extended Steinmann relations satisfied by the minimally-subtracted hard function, together with other physical constraints, we determine the three-loop symbol uniquely. Both results pass soft, double-soft and directional dual conformal invariance (DDCI) checks, provide the first multi-loop non-MHV form-factor data, and support the universality of the 88-letter alphabet for four-point form factors beyond the MHV sector.

Inertial particles in turbulence form clusters, which strongly affect particle collisions and transport properties. Clustering models based on statistically stationary turbulence implicitly assume the instantaneous-equilibrium approximation when applied to time-varying non-equilibrium turbulence. However, the validity of this approximation remains unclear. In this study, the temporal response of inertial particle clustering in non-equilibrium turbulence was investigated using direct numerical simulation of homogeneous isotropic turbulence with unsteady forcing. Periodic responses of the flow and clustering intensity were evaluated by varying the forcing period. The flow showed non-equilibrium scaling for all forcing periods. The relationship between instantaneous energy dissipation rate and clustering intensity showed hysteresis exceeding statistically stationary fluctuations when the forcing period exceeded several large-eddy turnover times. For the particles with the largest inertia, clustering intensity took values of 0.80 and 1.56 times the reference value at the same instantaneous energy dissipation rate. This shows that the instantaneous-equilibrium approximation is not appropriate under such conditions. A linear relaxation model was constructed from transient responses, in which clustering intensity approaches the instantaneous-equilibrium value with a finite relaxation time. The relaxation time scaling was identified as $τ_g = 1.0 T_\mathrm{e}(t)\,\mathrm{St}(t)^{0.40}$, where $T_\mathrm{e}(t)$ and $\mathrm{St}(t)$ are the instantaneous large-eddy turnover time and Stokes number. The model reduced the maximum relative error from 49% to 10% for the particles with the largest inertia and from 76% to 22% in an independent validation case. These results demonstrate that finite-time relaxation improves prediction accuracy for clustering intensity in non-equilibrium turbulence.

We introduce a Szilard-type thermodynamic valuation of side-information channels induced by Bell-type correlations. In each round, a two-level working system is thermalized with a degenerate Hamiltonian, so that its physical microstate is a uniform classical bit. A trusted referee embeds this bit into a finite two-player XOR game, and a correlation resource produces a compressed controller bit. The controller uses only this compressed bit as side information for feedback. The construction is formulated first for arbitrary finite XOR games. The referee encoding makes the game-winning event equivalent to correct prediction of the physical microstate. Consequently, the induced side-information channel is binary symmetric, with success probability equal to the XOR-game winning probability of the supplied behaviour. The reversible Szilard feedback value is therefore fixed by the mutual information between the microstate and the controller record. Optimizing over local, quantum, and nonsignalling behaviour sets turns the corresponding game values into local, quantum, and nonsignalling thermodynamic ceilings. The construction is an effective-channel valuation, not a claim that Bell nonlocality is thermodynamic fuel. The controller receives only the compressed prediction bit, not the auxiliary variables that define the game. The thermodynamic costs of the referee, the correlation resource, and the preprocessing are not included. When controller-memory reset is included in a full cycle, the net work is non-positive, consistently with the second law.

We study orbifold compactifications of heterotic strings on Enriques surfaces. We classify the inequivalent shift vectors for both the E8\times E8 and Spin(32)/Z2 lattices, and analyse the light spectrum of the resulting models. We show that these models can be interpreted as compactifications of ten-dimensional non-supersymmetric heterotic strings on Enriques surfaces. For certain classes of shifts, the moduli-independent tachyons inherited from the parent theories are projected out.

We introduce a battery-explicit thermodynamic witness of post-quantum Bell correlations. In each round, a single supplied excitation is routed into an explicit two-level battery if and only if a Bell-game condition is satisfied. The routing operation is implemented by an energy-preserving controlled SWAP, with all logical control registers taken to be degenerate. Thus the correlation resource does not create energy; it only determines the probability that the supplied excitation reaches the battery. The construction is first formulated for finite two-player XOR games. For any such game, the mean battery charge is exactly the game success probability multiplied by the battery gap. Optimizing over local, quantum, or nonsignalling behaviours therefore turns the corresponding game values into local, quantum, or nonsignalling thermodynamic ceilings. For the CHSH game, Tsirelson's bound becomes a strict quantum ceiling on the mean battery charge, while a PR-box behaviour reaches the single-excitation cap. The witness is trusted-module rather than device-independent: it assumes calibrated Hamiltonians, correct classical wiring, and a trusted energy-preserving battery module. We also discuss a reversible-controller implementation, finite-statistics certification from work data, robustness to imperfect battery readout, and cyclic bookkeeping showing that no positive net work is obtained once fuel restoration and memory erasure are included.

We introduce a matrix product operator (MPO) encoding of the Magnus expansion and the Dyson series for one-dimensional quantum lattice models with time-dependent Hamiltonians. The MPO construction can be made accurate up to arbitrary order in the time step, it can be applied to both finite and infinite systems, and it can handle long-range interactions. The resulting MPO can be combined with state-of-the-art time evolution algorithms based on matrix product states, allowing for drastic improvements in simulating evolution under time-dependent Hamiltonians. Our MPO construction can also be used for the optimization of quantum circuits in the context of quantum simulation of time-dependent Hamiltonians.

We investigate the synergy between large-scale structure (LSS) observations and gravitational wave (GW) events for testing modified gravity. In particular, we forecast the LSS $\times$ GW cross-correlation signal using Stage-IV LSS surveys, such as Euclid, in combination with future detections from the Einstein Telescope. This cross-correlation provides a novel probe of fundamental physics, potentially revealing deviations from the $Λ$CDM paradigm that may not be accessible through electromagnetic observations alone. We describe the considered modified gravity scenarios, the relevant LSS and GW observables, and the synthetic forecast methodology. Our results demonstrate that combining LSS and GWs can significantly enhance constraints on departures from General Relativity, opening a new window for multi-messenger cosmology. We further assess the observational requirements GW experiments must meet to improve upon constraints obtainable from LSS alone.

We demonstrate how the transport properties of molecular polaritons in optical cavities can be extracted from a microscopic modeling of pump-probe spectroscopy. Our approach combines a mean-field treatment of the light-matter Hamiltonian with a perturbative expansion of both light and matter components, along with spatial coarse-graining. This approach extends semiclassical cavity spectroscopy to multimode light-matter interactions, providing full access to spatially resolved transient spectra. By simulating a microscopy experiment with counter-propagating pump and probe pulses, we compute the differential transmission and show how molecular dephasing and persistent dark exciton populations drive sub-group-velocity transport of the root-mean-square displacement. We analyze transport across the polariton dispersion, showing how velocity renormalization correlates with excitonic weight, consistent with experimental observations, and further its dependence on the rate of molecular dephasing. Our results highlight the need to consider measured spectroscopic observables when characterizing transport in polaritonic systems.

Inclusive, differential and production-mode cross-section measurements of the Higgs boson are performed in the $H \to ZZ^{*} \to 4\ell$ decay channel. The analysis uses proton-proton collision data produced at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13.6$ TeV and recorded with the ATLAS detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 164 fb$^{-1}$. The inclusive fiducial cross-section for the $H \to ZZ^{*} \to 4\ell$ process is measured to be $σ_{\textrm{fid}} = 3.65^{+0.35}_{-0.33}~\textrm{fb}$, in agreement with the Standard Model prediction of $σ_{\textrm{fid}}^{\textrm{SM}} = 3.68 \pm 0.17~\textrm{fb}$. Differential cross-sections are measured as a function of key kinematic observables of the Higgs boson and the four-lepton final state. Cross-sections are measured for the main production-modes in several exclusive regions of the Higgs boson production phase space and combined to measure an overall Higgs boson signal strength, defined as the measured cross-section normalised to the SM prediction, of $μ= 0.99 \pm 0.13$. The results are interpreted in terms of modifications of Higgs boson couplings using the $κ$ framework, within the Standard Model Effective Field Theory, and in scenarios probing the Higgs boson self-coupling. All the results are consistent with Standard Model expectations.

We propose a new approach to measuring the CP-violating phase in neutrino mixing using atmospheric neutrinos, differing significantly from prior work. We develop an up-down flux ratio for sub-GeV atmospheric neutrinos that incorporates realistic detection effects and reduces systematic uncertainties. For the example of Hyper-Kamiokande -- the first experiment with sufficient atmospheric-neutrino statistics in this energy range -- our approach can surpass the sensitivity of the Tokai to Hyper-Kamiokande (T2HK) long-baseline experiment near $\mathit{δ_\mathrm{CP} = 90^\circ}$ and $\mathit{270^\circ}$. Realizing this potential will require additional, but realistic, work to reduce theoretical uncertainties. Success will provide an important, complementary probe to multi-\$1B accelerator-based experiments.

We study the topological properties of bordisms interpolating between different 9d gauged supergravities obtained from compactification of type IIB string theory on $\mathbb{S}^1$ with a non-trivial $\mathsf{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$ bundle. We describe how such bordisms implement the needed monodromies through stacks of $[p,q]$ 7-branes or gravitational solitons of non-trivial topology. For the later mechanism, we see that the topology of the bordism becomes increasingly complicated for large monodromies, which results in the associated bordisms being arbitrarily suppressed, against expectations on the breaking of global symmetries in Quantum Gravity. Motivated by this, we propose a refinement of the Swampland Cobordism Conjecture for the first bordism group $Ω_1({\rm B}G)$ with a $G$ duality bundle. We argue that even if gravitational solitons can realize the monodromies associated with elements of the commutator subgroup of $G$, if the number of needed commutators is unbounded (in other words, the commutator width of $G$ diverges) then an infinite number of duality defects realizing elements in $G$ need to be included. We test this proposal for different duality groups $G$, and see that our expectations are realized, often in non-trivial ways.

In this work, we investigate the linear stability of a magnetized Einstein-Maxwell solution describing a static, axially symmetric black hole (BH) immersed in a uniform magnetic field $B$. We probe the dynamics of an external charged scalar field through its quasinormal modes (QNMs), combining frequency- and time-domain analyses. We find a critical value of the field charge at which the QNM spectrum exhibits universal power-law scaling with an exponent of approximately $1/2$. This critical behavior admits a simple interpretation in terms of a transition between a confined regime, where waves remain effectively trapped within a region of characteristic size $\sim 1/B$, and a deconfined regime, where the field reaches distances $\gg 1/B$ and the damping rate becomes parametrically small. These results provide qualitative and quantitative insights that may inform more realistic scenarios involving highly magnetized compact objects.

Aims. We constrain the dynamical perturbations of the spiral arms in the Milky Way disk, based on the non-axisymmetric streaming motions of RGB stars revealed by APOGEE and \textit{Gaia}. Methods. We develop a revised steady-state radial-velocity response model that incorporates both the \(V_{R,\sin}\) and the dynamically important \(V_{R,\cos}\) components for a two-armed logarithmic spiral potential. The model is validated using orbit integrations with \texttt{AGAMA} and Bayesian parameter recovery with \texttt{dynesty}, and is applied to the smoothed two-dimensional radial-velocity field of RGB stars while accounting for Lindblad and corotation resonances. Results. The revised model reproduces the phase and amplitude of the mock radial-velocity field to the \(\sim2\%\) level, substantially improving upon earlier \(V_{R,\sin}\)-only formulations. Applied to the observational data, it yields a robust pitch angle of \(p \simeq 10^\circ\) and a local surface density contrast of \(ξ\simeq 5\)--\(18\%\) at the solar radius. The radial scale length is less well-constrained (\(h_{R,1} \simeq 40\)--\(50\,\mathrm{kpc}\)) due to intrinsic parameter covariance. Resonance effects strongly shape the velocity field, thus affecting the fitting: the radial velocity becomes extremely large near the Lindblad resonances, whereas it vanishes close to the corotation resonance. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that including both the \(V_{R,\sin}\) and \(V_{R,\cos}\) terms is essential for a physically consistent interpretation of stellar streaming motions induced by a spiral potential. The observed kinematics constrain the spiral pattern speed to \(Ω_{p} \approx 10\)--\(20\,\mathrm{km\,s}^{-1}\mathrm{kpc}^{-1}\).

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond exists in different charge states with distinct photoluminescence properties, which are sensitive to the nanoscale electrochemical environment. Hence, the NV charge state is emerging as a powerful all-optical platform for nanoscale sensing and imaging. Although significant progress has been made in engineering near-surface NV centers in bulk diamond, controlling the NV charge state in fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) has proven challenging, limiting the sensitivity and reliability of FND-based charge state sensing. Here, we demonstrate reliable, reversible switching between the fluorescent NV$^0$ and non-fluorescent NV$^+$ charge states in sub-30 nm FNDs via surface oxidation and hydrogenation, respectively, for single particles and particle powder. In aqueous electrochemical cells, we demonstrate voltage and ion concentration imaging based on the NV charge state in self-assembled FND layers on transparent substrates. Applied voltages reliably modulate the FND PL with a sensitivity of up to 16 mV Hz$^{-1/2}$. Importantly, FND PL is also modulated by local changes in salt concentration with a sensitivity of up to 1.8% per millimolar NaCl, enabling all-optical imaging of ion concentration gradients at the microscale. Our results represent a significant step toward realizing fast, stable, and scalable nanoscale charge- and voltage-imaging technologies with sub-micrometer spatial resolution.

When exact magnetic surfaces are assumed to exist, the gyrokinetic theory of microturbulence gives the same radial transport for ions and electrons. But, exact magnetic surfaces do not exist in the presence of what is called electrostatic microturbulence. When the plasma pressure is non-zero, a turbulent electric potential is accompanied by a turbulent magnetic field, which splits the rational magnetic surfaces with which it resonates. If the magnetic field is assumed to have an ideal topology-conserving evolution, delta function current densities arise on resonant surfaces. The singularity of the current density allows islands to open quickly, but there is no singularity that allows a rapid closure. Islands remain and do not flutter into and out of existence. A relative rotation of the electron fluid in neighboring island chains produces a non-dissipative force that can lock the islands together and produce a non-ambipolar transport. At sufficient plasma pressure, the islands associated with different resonant rational surfaces can overlap. When this occurs some magnetic field lines will cross the entire radial region occupied by overlapping islands. The effect on the electron fluid is to create a viscosity-like force, which is dissipative and tends to remove gradients in the electron rotation. This also produces a non-ambipolar transport. Under many assumptions, the island locking force is larger than the viscosity-like force.

This manuscript introduces a novel method to assess tissue oxygen concentration via the quantum entanglement (QE) of photons originating from positronium which is produced within the patient's body during positron emission tomography. We also investigate the possibility of assessing hypoxia by simultaneously detecting positronium lifetime and the positronium decay rate ratio. We introduce two distinct quantum sensing approaches. Method 1 utilizes the correlation between oxygen concentration and ortho-positronium (o-Ps) decay rates, relying on the simultaneous measurement of the mean o-Ps lifetime ($τ_{\mathrm{oPs}}$) and the $3γ$-to-$2γ$ annihilation rate ratio of o-Ps ($R_{\mathrm{oPs-3γ/2γ}}$). Method 2 introduces a novel hypothesis: that the degree of QE is sensitive to the relative contribution of annihilation mechanisms (pick-off vs. conversion), which in turn depends on oxygen concentration. We derive a formula for partial pressure of oxygen ($p\mathrm{O}_2$) as a function of $R_{\mathrm{oPs-3γ/2γ}}$ and $τ_{\mathrm{oPs}}$ and estimate the measurement accuracy required for these parameters - and for the degree of QE - to sense in-vivo oxygen pressure in the range between hypoxic and physoxic conditions. Theoretical models and quantitative estimates for $R_{\mathrm{oPs-3γ/2γ}}$, $τ_{\mathrm{oPs}}$ and for the degree of QE ($C_{\mathrm{QE}}$ ) as a function of $p\mathrm{O}_2$ are provided for water, isopropanol, cyclohexane, isooctane, and adipose tissue. In particular, applying the formulas derived under the working hypothesis that in pick-off process the photons are not entangled, we estimated that for $p\mathrm{O}_2 = 0$, the degree of quantum entanglement $C_{\mathrm{QE}}$ is equal to 0.890 for adipose, 0.886 for isopropanol, 0.867 for water, 0.818 for cyclohexane, and 0.784 for isooctane.

We study phase transitions on dynamic triadic hypergraphs, in which a continuous formation field evolves under stochastic Ginzburg--Landau dynamics with a cubic three-body coupling $g_τϕ_iϕ_jϕ_k$, while a discrete opinion variable $s_i\in\{-1,+1\}$ undergoes Kawasaki exchange under a Hamiltonian with pairwise alignment and an irreducible three-body energy $-λ_τ\prod_{a\inτ}s_a$. Near the formation critical point the cubic coupling is subleading and the transition remains continuous, controlled at leading order by a pairwise Ising baseline with renormalized coupling $J_{\rm eff}=J+γw$. The dominant observable is the triadic formation correlator $Ψ_{\rm form}\equiv\langleϕ_iϕ_jϕ_k\rangle$, a $k=3$ composite operator built over the underlying $\mathbb{Z}_2$-symmetric order parameter. Composite-operator scaling yields the effective exponents $β_{\rm TF}=3/2$ and $γ_{\rm TF}=-1$. The susceptibility conjugate to $Ψ_{\rm form}$ vanishes at the critical temperature $T_c$ rather than diverging, in contrast to the divergence characterizing scalar (pairwise) order parameters. The exact partition function of the minimal triad on $\{-1,+1\}^3$ identifies a crossover scale $T^*=4J_{\rm eff}/\ln 3$. A field-theoretic two-point function argument reproduces the same vanishing susceptibility. Restoring the three-body coupling ($λ\neq0$) makes the transition first-order, with a critical endpoint at $λ=0$. The exponent relations $β_{\rm TF}=3β_{\rm Ising}$ and $γ_{\rm TF}=γ_{\rm Ising}-4β_{\rm Ising}$ hold exactly on dense hypergraphs via cluster decomposition, and the vanishing-susceptibility signature persists for $d\geq3$ but fails in $d=2$. A Mori--Zwanzig memory kernel yields a continuously tunable dynamical exponent $z_{\rm TF}$, completing the composite-operator scaling regime.