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2605.07085 2026-05-11 cond-mat.str-el

Anomalous Phase-Coherence Scaling in a Quantum-Critical Dirac Semimetal

Sana Nakamichi, Ryotaro Kobara, Yoshinari Unozawa, Yoshitaka Kawasugi, Sakura Hiramoto, Koki Funatsu, Toshio Naito, Masafumi Tamura, Reizo Kato, Yutaka Nishio, Naoya Tajima

AI总结 该研究探讨了压强调控下狄拉克半金属α-(BEDT-TTF)$_2$I$_3$中的弱反局域化效应,分析了相位相干长度及其温度依赖性在量子相变附近的异常行为。在高压下,系统表现出常规的二维退相干行为,而接近量子临界点时,退相干指数显著减小,但相干长度仍保持较大,表明狄拉克电子在量子临界点附近存在非平凡的非弹性散射机制。研究结果支持该相变为无能隙或近无能隙的量子相变。

Comments 12 pages, 4 figures

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Journal ref
J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 95, 063703 (2026)
英文摘要

We have investigated the weak antilocalization (WAL) in the pressurized Dirac semimetal $α$-(BEDT-TTF)$_2$I$_3$ across a correlation-driven quantum phase transition to a charge-ordered insulating state and evaluated the phase coherence length $L_ϕ$ and its temperature scaling under various pressures from the low-temperature magnetoconductivity. In the high-pressure regime, the system exhibits the conventional two-dimensional dephasing behavior ($L_ϕ \propto T^{-p}$ with $p \approx 1/2$), characteristic of electron-electron scattering in diffusive conductors. As the pressure approaches the critical pressure ($P_c \sim 1.2$ GPa), the temperature exponent is suppressed to $p \sim 0.3$, while $L_ϕ$ remains large ($700\text{-}800$ nm at 0.5 K). This anomalous scaling suggests nontrivial inelastic scattering associated with Dirac electrons near the quantum critical point. The persistence of WAL across the transition supports a gapless or nearly gapless quantum phase transition.

2605.07083 2026-05-11 physics.plasm-ph

Full-gap kinetic limitation of thermionic-electron transport for electron transpiration cooling

Wushun Zhang, Weixing Zhou, Yinjian Zhao

AI总结 电子透汽冷却(ETC)是一种用于减轻高超声速飞行器前缘热载荷的技术,其性能关键在于热电子是否能够从热表面逃逸而非返回阴极。本文通过建立一维空间、三维速度的静电粒子-in-细胞/蒙特卡洛碰撞模型,研究了全间隙等离子体二极管中热电子发射、碰撞输运、回流及下游收集等关键过程。研究发现,当发射率超过一定阈值时,回流限制效应显著增强,导致净电子逃逸效率下降,揭示了ETC中电子逃逸与回流限制的动态平衡机制。

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英文摘要

Electron transpiration cooling (ETC) can reduce aerothermal loads on sharp hypersonic leading edges, but its performance is governed by whether thermionically emitted electrons escape the hot surface or return as cathode-directed backflow. Here, a one-dimensional-in-space, three-dimensional-in-velocity electrostatic particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision model is developed for a full cathode--anode plasma diode, resolving thermionic emission, collisional plasma transport, emitted-electron backflow, and downstream collection. A helium benchmark is used to examine emitted-electron transport and backflow-limited current flow. With increasing imposed emission, the diode first remains in a weak-backflow regime, where net emitted-electron transport and downstream collection both increase with emission. Further increasing the emission produces a sharp transition to backflow-limited transport between $7.0\times10^{19}$ and $7.5\times10^{19},\mathrm{m^{-2},s^{-1}}$. At $7.25\times10^{19},\mathrm{m^{-2},s^{-1}}$, the backflow ratio reaches $54.03%$, while the net transport and downstream collection efficiencies fall to about $46%$. Above this transition, added backflow overcompensates the imposed emission increase, reducing useful emitted-electron transport rather than causing saturation. Boundary energy diagnostics show that stronger emission may still increase the nominal cathode-side cooling metric, but after transition this metric no longer indicates improved emitted-electron escape or full-gap transport. These results show that the present PIC-MCC framework captures the key kinetic processes governing ETC-relevant emitted-electron escape and backflow limitation.

2605.07077 2026-05-11 math.CO

Topological Zeta Functions of Matroids: Operations and Computations

Dawit Mengesha, Robert Miranda, Brian Sun

AI总结 本文研究了拟阵的拓扑zeta函数,这是一种能编码丰富组合信息的有理函数和拟阵估值不变量。作者从拟阵操作和平面格操作的角度出发,分析了该函数的性质,证明了Möbius反演的清晰递推关系,并利用其描述截断和自由扩张拟阵的拓扑zeta函数与原拟阵之间的关系。同时,作者还通过引入“回路数”这一拟阵不变量,刻画了拓扑zeta函数的泰勒系数,并推广了Jensen-Kutler-Usatine的先前结果。

Comments 16 pages

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英文摘要

The topological zeta function of a matroid is a rational function as well as a valuative invariant of the matroid, encoding rich combinatorial information. We analyze topological zeta functions of matroids from the vantage point of several matroid operations and operations on lattices of flats. We prove a clean recurrence relation for the Möbius inversion and use it to describe the topological zeta function of the truncation and free extension of a matroid in relation with that of the original matroid. We also characterize the Taylor coefficients of the topological zeta functions for matroids in terms of a matroid invariant, which we call the girth, and generalize an earlier result by Jensen-Kutler-Usatine.

2605.07071 2026-05-11 cs.NI

From Map-and-Encap to BIER: Observations on Network Routing Scalability

Tianyuan Yu, Lan Wang, Beichuan Zhang, Lixia Zhang

AI总结 本文探讨了网络路由可扩展性问题,指出TCP/IP协议栈中IP地址的双重用途(标识主机和定位网络位置)引发了路由与转发的可扩展性挑战,尤其在组播场景中更为明显。文章回顾了多年来路由可扩展性解决方案的演进,提出四个关键观察:映射与封装是各类可扩展路由方案的共性架构,新方案的成功往往依赖于对早期采用者的局部收益,依赖外部因素的路由设计难以保证可扩展性上限,而当前的BGP协议缺乏域内出口路由器的拓扑抽象,限制了映射与封装方案的应用。这些观察为未来可扩展路由系统的设计提供了重要参考。

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英文摘要

The TCP/IP protocol stack uses IP addresses for two distinct roles: identifying hosts and locating their attachment points in the network topology. This dual purpose creates a fundamental tension that has led to routing and forwarding scalability challenges throughout the history of the Internet in unicast packet delivery and, more notably, in multicast delivery. This paper reviews the evolution of routing scalability solutions over the years and makes four observations. First, map-and-encap is a recurring architectural solution shared by all scalable unicast and multicast delivery methods, developed independently across different problem contexts. Second, a new solution tends to succeed when it can bring immediate local gains to early adopters without requiring coordination across administrative domains. Third, network routing and forwarding designs that depend on external factors, such as the number of distinct end sites or even application-specific deliveries, inherently preclude an upper bound on their scalability. Fourth, today's inter-domain routing protocol, BGP, lacks a topological abstraction equivalent to an egress router within a routing domain, thereby inherently preventing a map-and-encap solution for scalability. These observations offer insights into the design of future scalable routing system architectures.

2605.07070 2026-05-11 nucl-th

Analysis of the energy and angular distributions of photoneutrons from natPb, 197Au, natSn, natCu, natFe, and natTi using resonance direct theory

Hayato Takeshita, Kazuaki Kosako, Norikazu Kinoshita, Yukinobu Watanabe

AI总结 本研究利用共振直接理论分析了自然铅(natPb)、金(197Au)、锡(natSn)、铜(natCu)、铁(natFe)和钛(natTi)在巨偶极共振区的光中子能量和角分布,旨在探究光中子反应机制中直接过程的作用。研究结合了直接、前平衡和复合过程的贡献,应用Wilkinson的共振直接理论及Agodi和Courant的角分布公式,计算了高能中子发射特性,并与实验数据进行了对比,验证了模型的有效性。结果表明,直接过程在高能中子发射中具有显著贡献,为理解巨偶极共振区光中子发射机制提供了新的认识。

Comments 12 pages, 6 figures, 7 tables

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英文摘要

Photoneutron double-differential cross sections in the giant dipole resonance (GDR) region were calculated to investigate the underlying nuclear reaction mechanisms, with particular emphasis on the role of the direct process. Contributions from direct, pre-equilibrium, and compound processes were all taken into account. Wilkinson's resonance direct (RD) theory, based on the independent particle model, was applied to describe high-energy neutron emission from the direct process. The angular distribution of neutrons emitted via the RD mechanism was formulated using the Agodi and Courant formalism, which was incorporated into the RD framework. Neutron emission from the pre-equilibrium and compound processes was calculated using the two-component exciton model and the Hauser-Feshbach formalism, respectively. The calculated results were compared with experimental data obtained at NewSUBARU using 16.6-MeV quasi-monochromatic linearly-polarized photon beams. Good agreement between calculations and measurements was observed for Pb, Au, and Sn, confirming the validity of the proposed model. Furthermore, the angular anisotropies of photoneutrons emitted from these elements were investigated, revealing considerable contributions from the RD process at high neutron energies. This study provides a deeper understanding of photoneutron emission mechanisms in the GDR energy region.

2605.07059 2026-05-11 math.PR

Modified ruin probability for a Cramér-Lundberg model driven by a compound mixed Poisson process

Noriyoshi Sakuma, Momoka Tashiro

AI总结 本文研究了由复合混合泊松过程驱动的克雷默-伦德伯格模型中的修正破产概率。在重尾情形下,若索赔分布的积分分布为次指数型且混合分布的上端点位于净盈利边界以下,修正破产概率与经典破产概率在渐近意义上是等价的;在轻尾情形下,作者证明了固定强度比定理,并获得了包含显式常数的端点原子结果和精确的端点密度渐近结果。

Comments 6 pages, no figures

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英文摘要

We study modified ruin probabilities in a Cramér-Lundberg model driven by a compound mixed Poisson process. In the heavy-tailed regime, if the integrated claim-size distribution is subexponential and the upper endpoint of the mixing distribution stays below the net-profit boundary, the modified and classical ruin probabilities are asymptotically equivalent. In the light-tailed regime, we prove a fixed-intensity ratio theorem and obtain both an endpoint-atom result and a sharp endpoint-density asymptotic with an explicit constant.

2605.07056 2026-05-11 cs.CY cs.HC cs.SI stat.AP

The University AI Didn't Replace -- Rethinking Universities in the AI Era

Karol P. Binkowski, Andrew Hopkins

AI总结 本文探讨了人工智能时代下大学教育面临的变革与挑战,指出尽管生成式人工智能正在重塑高等教育,但多数高校仍处于早期应用阶段,缺乏系统性的战略整合。研究提出了一个包含四个层次的AI采纳框架,并通过案例分析展示了高校在课程改革中引入AI的实践动态。核心贡献在于强调高校需从零散的创新转向战略整合,重构以AI支持的推理为核心的学习模式,并调整相关政策与评价体系以推动教育转型。

Comments 8 pages, 1 figure. Position paper on Generative AI and the transition from isolated educational innovation to institutionally supported adoption in higher education

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英文摘要

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping higher education, yet many universities remain in early stages of adoption where AI innovation occurs informally and without institutional recognition. This paper presents a framework describing four levels of AI adoption in universities and illustrates these dynamics through a case study of AI-enabled curriculum initiatives in several units. We contend that the key institutional challenge is moving from isolated innovation to strategic integration, where universities redesign learning around AI-supported reasoning and align policies, workload models, and recognition systems to support educational transformation.

2605.07054 2026-05-11 math.NA cs.NA

Proximal Galerkin for the isometry constraint

Brendan Keith, Frédéric Marazzato

AI总结 本文提出了一种数值方法,用于精确满足非线性板计算建模中的等距约束条件,即中面的第一基本形式与单位张量一致。该方法基于近端伽辽金框架,避免了传统梯度流方法所需的预处理步骤和迭代过程中等距缺陷的增加问题,使得每步迭代在每个网格单元的重心处都保持精确等距。相比现有方法,该方法无需预处理,具有更广泛的应用性,并在数值实验中表现出更高的收敛效率和更少的迭代次数。

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英文摘要

We resolve a longstanding open problem in the computational modeling of nonlinear plates by introducing a numerical method that exactly enforces the isometry constraint, namely, that the first fundamental form of the mid-surface coincides with the identity tensor. Several numerical methods have been proposed to approximate solutions of such manifold-constrained variational problems using gradient flows with tangent space updates. However, this class of methods presents two main challenges. First, a preprocessing step is required to enforce the boundary conditions and generate an initial guess sufficiently close to an isometry. Second, each step of the gradient flow typically increases the isometry defect. We adopt an alternative approach based on the proximal Galerkin framework, originally introduced for variational problems with convex inequality constraints. The resulting method preserves the geometric structure of the feasible set and yields an efficient algorithm in which each iterate is an exact isometry at the barycenter of every mesh cell. In contrast to existing methods, no preprocessing step is required, enabling broader applicability of this important category of mathematical models. Numerical experiments on standard benchmarks demonstrate that the method converges to a prescribed error tolerance in an asymptotically mesh-independent number of iterations and requires substantially fewer iterations than previous methods, even on coarse meshes.

2605.07047 2026-05-11 physics.plasm-ph

Accelerating integrated modeling with surrogate-based optimization: the MAESTRO workflow

P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, N. T. Howard, J. Hall, A. Saltzman, A. Martin-Sanabria, A. Ho, G. Snoep, J. Pimentel-Aldaz, C. Holland, M. Muraca, P. de Lara Montoya, K. Yanna, A. E. White, T. Body, A. J. Creely, J. C. Hillesheim, P. B. Snyder

AI总结 本文介绍了名为MAESTRO的工作流程,该流程将PORTALS框架与外部求解器耦合,用于等离子体平衡、边缘物理、偏滤器约束和加热等问题。该流程基于代理模型优化方法,能够高效预测稳态等离子体剖面,特别适用于处理输运通量中的不连续性问题。通过结合物理信息方法和先进数值技术,MAESTRO实现了对稳态等离子体剖面的高精度、高效率预测,为聚变堆的设计与优化提供了重要支持。

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英文摘要

This paper introduces the MAESTRO workflow, that enables the coupling of the PORTALS framework [P. Rodriguez-Fernandez et al, Nucl. Fusion 2024] with external solvers for the plasma equilibrium, pedestal physics, divertor constraints and heating. The surrogate-based optimization nature of the transport solver is ideally suited for external coupling, allowing efficient steady-state predictions of plasma profiles with full physics models. Improvements in the surrogate modeling of quasilinear transport models with PORTALS are presented, which enable the efficient handling of discontinuities in the transport fluxes that can arise from numerical issues or physical instabilities with extreme stiffness. The combination of physics-informed methods and advanced numerical techniques allows the MAESTRO workflow to provide accurate and efficient predictions of steady-state plasma profiles, which are critical for fusion reactor design and optimization.

2605.07045 2026-05-11 cs.GT

Incentive Design in Competitive Resource Allocation: Exploiting Valuation Asymmetry in Tullock Contests

Gilberto Diaz-Garcia, Keith Paarporn, Jason R. Marden

AI总结 本文研究了在竞争性资源分配中,中心协调者如何通过战略性地操纵下属代理人的估值信息来获取优势,特别是在多玩家图洛克竞赛框架下。作者分析了多玩家图洛克竞赛中的纳什均衡,揭示了估值和单位成本如何共同决定均衡投标和收益,并进一步推导出协调者在面对单一对手时为两个下属设定最优估值的方法,该方法可扩展至任意数量的下属,使协调者的优化问题简化为仅需考虑两个变量。

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英文摘要

In competitive resource allocation, a central coordinator may seek to gain an advantage not by directly controlling subordinate agents, but by strategically manipulating the information they receive. We study this problem within the framework of multi-player Tullock contests, where the coordinator influences subordinate players by designing their reported valuations of the contested prize, a mechanism that preserves the Tullock structure of the subordinates' objectives and thereby enables tractable equilibrium analysis. We first characterize the Nash equilibrium of the general multi-player Tullock contest, establishing how valuations and per-unit costs jointly determine equilibrium bids and payoffs. We then derive the optimal reported valuations for a coordinator managing two subordinates against a single opponent, and show that the structure of the optimal solution extends to contests with an arbitrary number of subordinates, reducing the coordinator's optimization to a two-variable problem regardless of system size.

2605.07044 2026-05-11 math.PR math.CA

Brownian-time Change of measure

Bobomurod Abdurakhmanov, Hassan Allouba

AI总结 本文证明了布朗时间布朗运动及其相关布朗时间过程类的测度变换基本定理,该类过程由Allouba和Zheng于2001年提出。结合Allouba此前关于布朗时间过程与偏微分方程/随机偏微分方程关联性以及随机偏微分方程测度变换的研究,该结果成为分析受布朗时间噪声驱动的不同类型和阶数随机微分方程与随机偏微分方程行为的关键基础。

Comments 13 pages

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英文摘要

We prove a fundamental change of measure theorem for the Brownian-time Brownian motion and its associated Brownian-time processes class introduced by Allouba and Zheng in 2001. This result, together with Allouba's prior work on (1) Brownian-time processes and their PDEs/SPDEs links and on (2) change of measure for SPDEs, is a critical building block in analyzing the behaviors of SDEs and SPDEs -- of different types and orders -- driven by Brownian-time noises and their relatives.

2605.07043 2026-05-11 math.AP

The Free Boundary in a Higher-Dimensional Long-Range Segregation Model

Howen Chuah, Monica Torres

AI总结 本文研究了一个高维长程种群隔离模型中的自由边界问题,该模型由一个依赖于小参数 $\eps$ 的椭圆方程组描述,扩散过程由拉普拉斯算子驱动。作者推广了二维情形下关于自由边界的正则性结果,引入高维角度和渐近锥的概念,通过密度和角度对正则点与奇异点进行刻画,并得到了自由边界的结构定理。研究还表明,当奇异点的角度远离特定值时,正则点集在自由边界中是开集且局部为 $n-1$ 维的 $C^1$ 曲面;同时,若种群支撑集为凸集,则其必为凸多面体。

Comments 20 pages, 3 figures

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英文摘要

We consider a system of elliptic equations, depending on a small parameter $\eps$, that models long-range segregation of populations. The diffusion is governed by the Laplacian. This system was previously investigated by Caffarelli, Patrizi, and Quitalo in \cite{CL2} as a model in population dynamics, and they established the regularity of the free boundary in two dimensions. In this paper we study the free boundary in the higher dimensional case. We extend the concept of angles and asymptotic cones to higher dimensions, and give a characterization of regular and singular points in terms of their densities and angles. We obtain a structure result of the free boundary and show that, if the angles at the singular points are away from $\frac{nω_n}{2}$, the regular set is open in the free boundary and locally a $C^1$ manifold of dimension $n-1$. We also show that, if the supports of the populations are convex, they are convex polytopes. A weak form of the equality of angles for the convex configuration is also derived.

2605.07035 2026-05-11 q-bio.OT cs.ET

Genetic Information as a "Chord" of Chemical Oscillations: Emergence of Catalyst-RNA Systems Driven by Superposed Rhythms

Takeshi Ishida

AI总结 本文探讨了生命起源过程中催化多肽和信息承载核酸如何相互依赖地形成系统这一核心问题,提出了一种基于两个内部洛特卡-沃尔泰拉化学振荡器的原始认知模型。通过模拟二进制序列所代表的聚合物相互作用,研究展示了催化循环、原始tRNA和记录放大振荡信息的核酸可能形成的机制。该模型表明,内部振荡可以为聚合物延伸过程中的序列选择提供时间偏差,并有效促进功能分子的积累与催化功能和信息存储的协同演化。

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英文摘要

A central challenge in the origin of life is understanding how catalytic peptide-like polymers and information-bearing nucleic acid-like polymers emerged as an interde-pendent system. This study constructs a primordial cognitive model incorporating two internal Lotka-Volterra chemical oscillators to investigate, through simulation, whether a catalytic loop, primordial tRNAs, and nucleic acids that record and amplify them, can form through the interaction of polymers represented by binary (0/1) sequences. In this model, a mechanism was introduced where the synthesis of internal oscillations pro-vides a temporal bias for 0/1 selection during polymer elongation, while generated functional sequences are protected, recorded, and re-amplified. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed cognitive model significantly outperformed a contrast model based on random 0/1 selection in terms of the establishment rate of catalytic loops, the accumulation of functional molecules, polymer elongation, and the reduction of Shannon entropy in sequence distribution. Furthermore, this superiority was generally maintained across sensitivity analyses, including batch calculations with different ran-dom seeds. While this study is a computational model based on abstract binary se-quences and simplified translation/replication rules rather than a direct reconstruction of life's origin, it provides a working hypothesis for the interdependent emergence of catalytic function and information retention by demonstrating that internal oscillations can bias sequence exploration within a framework linking autocatalytic networks, re-cording, and group selection. Future research must verify the generality and empirical validity of this framework by expanding monomer types, evolving into multi-oscillator systems, and establishing correspondences with compartmentalized experimental sys-tems.

2605.07033 2026-05-11 quant-ph

Analytic $C_{\ell_1}$ norm of Coherence Evolution for Bell States under a Two-Qubit Superconducting Hamiltonian

Seyed Mohsen Moosavi Khansari

AI总结 本文研究了双量子比特超导系统中贝尔态的单位演化解纠缠动力学,通过推导完整的时间演化算符,得到了贝尔态初始条件下的闭合形式密度矩阵及$C_{l_1}$范数的解析表达式。研究发现,其中两个贝尔态在演化过程中保持相干性不变,而另外两个则表现出由电路耦合和隧穿参数决定的可控相干振荡,为参数优化和实验验证提供了清晰的理论基础。

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英文摘要

We present an exact analytic study of unitary coherence dynamics in a minimal two qubit superconducting system. By deriving the full time evolution operator and propagating Bell state initial conditions, we obtain closed form time dependent pure state density matrices and an explicit analytic expression for the $C_{l_1}$ norm of coherence. Two of the Bell states are shown to be invariant under the model dynamics with constant coherence, while the other two exhibit controlled, parameter dependent coherence oscillations. The oscillatory behaviour is governed by two distinct frequency scales that map directly onto the circuit coupling and tunnelling parameters, allowing predictable tuning of amplitude and periodicity. Numerical visualizations clarify operating regimes for transient enhancement or suppression of coherence. These results deliver compact, analytically tractable tools for parameter optimisation and provide a clear foundation for incorporating dissipation and for experimental validation.

2605.07031 2026-05-11 cs.FL

Deciding DFA-Primality is NP-Hard

Daniel Alexander Spenner

AI总结 本文研究了确定性有限自动机(DFA)的素性判定问题,即判断一个DFA是否不能表示为更小DFA的交集。该问题由Kupferman和Mosheiff于2015年提出,已知其复杂度位于NL和ExpSpace之间。本文通过将命题逻辑可满足性问题归约到该问题,证明了其NP难性,首次在复杂度上填补了这一双指数级的空白。

Comments 39 pages, 4 figures, to be published in 53rd EATCS International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2026)

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英文摘要

A DFA $\mathcal{A}$ is composite if there exist DFAs $\mathcal{A}_1,\dots,\mathcal{A}_t$ with $\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{A}) = \bigcap_{i=1}^{t} \mathcal{L}(\mathcal{A}_i)$ such that each $\mathcal{A}_i$ has strictly less states than the minimal DFA deciding $\mathcal{L}(\mathcal{A})$. Otherwise, it is prime. Prime-DFA is the problem of deciding primality for a given DFA. It was defined by Kupferman and Mosheiff in 2015 and it was shown to be NL-hard and in ExpSpace. This paper proves the NP-hardness of Prime-DFA, thereby making the first progress in closing this doubly-exponential gap. It proves the NP-hardness by a reduction from the propositional logic satisfiability problem. The correctness of the reduction relies on an involved characterization of primality for a class of DFAs which contains those that can occur in the reduction.

2605.07030 2026-05-11 cs.CE physics.app-ph

Scalable Active Metamaterials for Shape-Morphing

Jipeng Cui, Wei "Wayne" Chen

AI总结 该研究提出了一种可扩展的主动超材料(SAM)设计框架,用于实现复杂形状变形的可编程结构。通过将设计问题分解为宏观和微观两个尺度,该方法在宏观尺度上利用约束网格优化确定整体形状变形,在微观尺度上通过逆向设计生成局部填充结构,从而在保证变形可编程性的同时提升了计算效率。该方法有效解决了传统超材料设计中变形能力与计算可扩展性之间的矛盾,为可编程材料系统的设计提供了新的计算范式。

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英文摘要

Shape-morphing metamaterials enable adaptive structures capable of complex functional deformations, with applications ranging from reconfigurable structures and soft robotics to medical devices. However, their design remains challenging due to an inherent trade-off between deformation programmability and computational scalability. Periodic architectures offer computational tractability but are limited in their programmability, whereas aperiodic metamaterials provide richer deformation spaces at the cost of substantially increased design complexity. To bridge this gap, we propose a scalable active metamaterial (SAM) design framework that decouples the design problem into two scales by exploiting the local deformation independence of units isolated by stiff structural members. At the macroscale, global shape deformation is determined by iteratively solving a constrained mesh optimization problem incorporating data-driven constraints. At the microscale, the local infill geometry is obtained through inverse design via either a conditional diffusion model or an adjustable search strategy. This hierarchical decomposition enables fast, accurate, and scalable design of aperiodic shape-morphing metamaterials, offering a new computational paradigm for the design of programmable material systems.

2605.07028 2026-05-11 q-bio.PE physics.soc-ph

Quo nomine vis vocari? A random-copying model explains the temporal sequence of papal names

Egor Lappo, Noah A. Rosenberg

AI总结 本文研究了教皇名号选择这一持续千年的文化演化过程,揭示其背后存在一种类似于种群遗传学中的随机复制机制。研究发现,尽管每个教皇在选择名字时会综合考虑多种因素,但从长期趋势来看,教皇名字的使用频率符合“尤恩斯抽样理论”和“中国餐馆过程”等模型的预测,即名字的选择具有按频率随机复制的特性,并允许新名字的出现。这一发现表明,复杂的人类文化行为可能遵循简单而普适的规律。

Comments 12 pages, 3 figures, 1 table

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英文摘要

The study of cultural evolution seeks to understand the processes by which behavioral variants are chosen in cultures over time, often as the result of large numbers of individual human choices. The selection of new popes, each of whom chooses a papal name -- typically reusing previous names in reference to previous popes -- is among the longest ongoing cultural processes taking place in a single human institution. Here, we use the record of papal names as a setting for long-term analysis of human cultural behavior. Although papal name choices are careful individual decisions, we find that the long-term sequence of papal names accords with predictions of a family of models developed in population genetics and stochastic processes -- Ewens sampling theory and the Chinese restaurant process -- which in the case of papal names amounts to randomly copying an existing name in proportion to its frequency, with the possibility of innovation of new names (mutations). Hence, despite the consideration that enters into choices of individual papal names, aggregate cultural behavior in a 2000-year old human process can potentially be described with simple laws. We discuss instances in which particular historical events might have caused temporary deviations from the random-copying model.

2605.07027 2026-05-11 astro-ph.HE astro-ph.SR gr-qc

Nuclear Constraints on $^{12}$C$(α,γ)^{16}$O and Their Impact on Black-Hole Mass Predictions

Akram Mukhamedzhanov

AI总结 本文研究了碳-12与α粒子融合生成氧-16的核反应对第一代黑洞质量下限预测的影响。通过更新的核子结构数据和直接捕获实验结果,重新评估了该反应的低能S因子,得出比以往更低的S(300 keV)值,从而限制了某些黑洞人口模型所需的高值。研究结果表明,当前核物理约束支持第一代黑洞质量间隙的下限相对较高,约为61至75倍太阳质量。

Comments 12 pages, 7 figures

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英文摘要

Gravitational-wave observations have renewed interest in the black-hole mass gap and in the maximum mass of first-generation black holes below its lower edge. The \(^{12}{\rm C}(α,γ)^{16}{\rm O}\) reaction plays a central role in this problem because it determines the carbon-to-oxygen ratio after core-helium burning and thereby affects the later evolution of massive stars toward pulsational pair instability and pair-instability supernovae. Recent attempts to constrain \(S(300~{\rm keV})\) from gravitational-wave population inferences face important limitations, because the lower edge of the black-hole mass gap is not directly measured. It is inferred model dependently from assumptions about stellar evolution, metallicity, mass loss, rotation, binary evolution, hierarchical mergers, selection effects, priors, and the adopted population model. Therefore, values of \(S(300~{\rm keV})\) inferred from black-hole populations must remain consistent with independent nuclear-physics constraints. In this work we reanalyze the low-energy \(^{12}{\rm C}(α,γ)^{16}{\rm O}\) \(S\) factor using updated information on the subthreshold \(1^{-}\) and \(2^{+}\) ANCs and on the ground-state ANC of \(^{16}{\rm O}\), together with direct capture data. These constraints favor a lower \(S(300~{\rm keV})\) than the older central evaluation and disfavor very large values required by some black-hole-population interpretations. Using the resulting ANC-constrained \(S(300~{\rm keV})\) range and the transformed relation between this quantity and the lower edge of the pair-instability mass gap, we estimate \[ \frac{M_{\rm BH}}{M_\odot}\simeq 61\text{--}75 . \] Thus, the present nuclear-physics constraints favor a relatively high lower edge of the first-generation black-hole mass gap.

2605.07016 2026-05-11 astro-ph.SR

Characterizing the Extended Molecular Hydrogen Winds in Protoplanetary Disks from the JWST Disk Infrared Spectroscopic Chemistry Survey

Mayank Narang, Klaus M. Pontoppidan, Colette Salyk, Nicole Arulanantham, Geoffrey A. Blake, Andrea Banzatti, Joan Najita, Ilaria Pascucci, Jane Huang, Sebastiaan Krijt, Karin Oberg, Giovanni Rosotti, Till Kaeufer, Emma Dahl, L. Ilsedore Cleeves, Ke Zhang, Joel Green

AI总结 本研究利用JWST的红外光谱数据,对34个原行星盘中的分子氢(H₂)扩展发射进行了系统分析,揭示了盘风的形态、运动学特征及质量动力学特性。研究发现,大多数盘存在宽角分子风,其速度约为4.2公里/秒,并通过模型得出风的半开角中位数为45度,幂律指数约为1.6。研究还表明,分子风的质量损失率在不同盘中变化不大,且与恒星吸积率无明显相关性,为理解原行星盘的演化提供了重要线索。

Comments Accepted at ApJ. 52 pages, 7 main Figure, 2 Figure sets and 5 Tables

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英文摘要

We present a comprehensive analysis of extended H$_2$ emission from 34 protoplanetary disks observed with the JWST Disk Infrared Spectroscopic Chemistry Survey (JDISCS), supplemented by archival data. We investigated the morphology, kinematics, excitation conditions, and mass dynamics of H$_2$. Extended emission from pure rotational H$_2$ lines is found to be common, with 16 sources exhibiting clear signatures of disk winds. These include monopolar and bipolar structures in inclined disks and ring-like or bubble-like morphologies in face-on systems features indicative of wide-angle disk winds. Our analysis shows that the H$_2$ is consistent with slow {(4.2$^{+6.7}_{-3.0}$ km s$^{-1}$)} MHD driven winds. For ten disks, we model the wind morphology and find a median half-opening angle of $45\arcdeg^{+5}_{-4}$ and a characteristic power-law index of $α\sim$ 1.6. Excitation analysis yields a median gas temperature of 624 $\pm$ 130 K and a column density of $\log(N_{\mathrm{tot}}\,[\mathrm{cm}^{-2}]) = 18.6 \pm 0.6$. The median wind mass-loss rate, ${\rm log_{10}}(\dot{\rm M}_{\rm wind}^{\rm tot}) = -9_{-0.4}^{+0.8}\,{\rm M_\odot\,yr^{-1}}$, implies that, if molecular winds are the dominant mechanism responsible for disk dispersal, a typical disk with a mass of $2-3\,M_{\rm Jup}$ would dissipate on a $\sim$2-3 Myr timescale, consistent with observed disk lifetimes. The $\dot{\rm M}_{\mathrm{\rm wind}}^{\rm tot}$ span a relatively narrow range ($\sim$2 dex) and do not correlate strongly with accretion rates onto the star, suggesting that the mass loss rate and the accretion rates are probing different timescales. Our findings demonstrate that spatially extended warm H$_2$ emission is a widespread and reliable tracer of molecular disk winds in protoplanetary systems.

2605.07015 2026-05-11 math.GN

Nielsen coincidence theory of $(n,m)$-valued pairs of maps

Grzegorz Graff, P. Christopher Staecker, Alan Żeromski

AI总结 本文研究了定义在连通有限多面体上的 $(n,m)$-值映射对 $(f,g)$ 的重合点问题,即满足 $f(x) \cap g(x) \neq \emptyset$ 的点 $x$。作者提出了一种修正的尼尔森型不变量 $N(f:g)$,用于提供所有与 $(f,g)$ 同伦的 $(n,m)$-值映射对的重合点数量的下界。该不变量基于映射 $f$ 和 $g$ 图像的交点构造,特别地,在圆周上的 $(n,m)$-值映射对情形中,该不变量给出了精确的下界。

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英文摘要

We consider pairs of maps $(f,g)$, where $f$ is an $n$-valued map and $g$ is an $m$-valued map, defined on connected finite polyhedra. A point $x$ such that $f(x)\cap g(x)\neq \emptyset$ is called a coincidence point of $f$ and $g$. A useful device for studying coincidence points would be a Nielsen-type invariant which provides a lower bound for the number of coincidence points of all $(n, m)$-valued pairs of maps homotopic to $(f,g)$. The construction of such an invariant $N(f:g)$ was proposed in [J. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 14, 309--324 (2013)]. Unfortunately, this approach has some flaws. In this paper, we present a modified construction that yields a corrected form of the invariant, defined in terms of the intersection points of the graphs of $f$ and $g$. In the case of $(n, m)$-valued pairs of maps of the circle our invariant provides a sharp lower bound, which we precisely determine.

2605.07012 2026-05-11 cs.HC cs.CY

Exploring the "Banality" of Deception in Generative AI

Ishitaa Narwane, Johanna Gunawan, Konrad Kollnig

AI总结 本文探讨了生成式人工智能中“平凡性欺骗”(banal deception)现象,指出当前针对欺骗性设计的研究多关注可见的界面操作,而生成式AI的欺骗行为则更隐蔽地嵌入默认设置、自动建议和对话交互中,使用户难以察觉。文章通过Simone Natale提出的“平凡欺骗”概念,分析用户在欺骗过程中的主动参与,并提出通过提高用户意识、提供干预工具及完善监管等方法,为未来防范生成式AI中的欺骗行为提供研究方向。

Comments Accepted at CHI'26 ACAI Workshop

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Current approaches to addressing deceptive design largely focus on visible interface manipulations, commonly referred to as "dark patterns". With the rise of generative AI, deception is becoming more difficult to spot and easier to live with, as it is quietly embedded in default settings, automated suggestions, and conversational interactions rather than discrete interface elements. These subtle, normalised forms of influence, which Simone Natale frames as "banal deception", shape everyday digital use and blur the line between AI-enabled assistance and manipulation. This position paper explores banality as a lens through which to reason through deception in generative AI experiences, especially with chatbots. We explore what Natale describes as users' own involvement in their deception, and argue that this perspective could lead to future work for introducing friction to safeguard users from deception in generative AI interactions, such as empowering users through raising awareness, providing them with intervention tools, and regulatory or enforcement improvements. We present these concepts as points for discussion for the deceptive design scholarly community.

2605.07009 2026-05-11 math.AG

Weight of the De Rham-Betti Structures of Abelian Varieties

Zekun Ji

AI总结 本文研究了定义在代数闭域 $\overline{\mathbb{Q}}$ 上的阿贝尔簇的德瑞姆-贝蒂数论结构(dRB结构)。作者证明了此类阿贝尔簇的dRB群中必然包含标量乘法群 $\mathbb{G}_m$,由此排除了在奇数次上同调群中存在非零dRB类的可能性。这一结果推广了先前相关工作的结论。

Comments 14 pages, comments welcome! arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2511.01072

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In this note, we prove that for any abelian variety defined over $\overline{\mathbb{Q}}$, its de Rham-Betti (dRB) group necessarily contains $\mathbb{G}_{m}$ as the group of homotheties. Consequently, this rules out the existence of non-zero dRB classes in odd-degree cohomology groups of abelian varieties over $\overline{\mathbb{Q}}$. This generalises results of the first part of arXiv:2511.01072.

2605.07008 2026-05-11 cs.CR cs.OS

Pomegranate: A Lightweight Compartmentalization Architecture using Virtualization Extensions

Shriram Raja, Zhiyuan Ruan, Richard West

AI总结 本文提出了一种名为Pomegranate的轻量级隔离架构,利用硬件辅助虚拟化技术,在几乎不修改现有系统源代码的情况下,实现对操作系统的安全隔离。该方法通过访问控制策略和扩展页表严格限制不同隔离区之间的交互,并借助特殊的哨兵函数在不陷入虚拟机监控器的情况下检查跨区转换。实验表明,在精心设计隔离边界的情况下,该方法在处理网络数据包时的性能开销几乎可以忽略不计。

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The monolithic nature of widely used commodity operating systems means that vulnerabilities in one software component potentially compromise the entire kernel. Formally verifying these systems, or redesigning them altogether as microkernels, according to the principle of least privilege, requires significant effort. Researchers have therefore considered compartmentalization techniques that minimize or totally avoid changes to existing systems. However, current approaches use techniques such as Memory Protection Keys (MPKs), necessitating extensive code analysis to ensure security, or use virtualization by instrumenting the kernel with calls to the glue code that switches compartments. In this work, we present Pomegranate, a framework that uses hardware-assisted virtualization to securely compartmentalize an existing system with minimal to no modifications to its source code. Allowed interactions between compartments are defined using an access-control policy and strictly enforced using Extended Page Tables. Using special sentry functions, Pomegranate is able to check all cross-compartment transitions without trapping into the hypervisor. We demonstrate the efficacy of Pomegranate on a compartmentalized Linux network stack using the igc NIC driver. Experiments show the overheads of our approach are negligible at MTU-sized packets when compartment boundaries are carefully established to avoid excessive inter-compartment communication.

2605.07007 2026-05-11 q-bio.CB physics.bio-ph q-bio.PE

Essential Role of Extrinsic Noise in Models of E. coli Division Control

Mattia Corigliano, Kuheli Biswas, Matteo Bocchiola, Daniele Montagnani, Ariel Amir, Marco Cosentino Lagomarsino

AI总结 本文研究了大肠杆菌分裂调控中外源噪声的关键作用,通过解析求解一个随机阈值积累模型,揭示了分裂蛋白在达到噪声相关阈值时触发分裂的机制。研究量化了内在与外源噪声以及关键分子机制参数的综合影响,表明引入这些因素可以产生比传统“加法模型”更丰富的分裂策略,并能解释实验观测到的细胞大小波动。研究为理解细菌分裂规律提供了统一的理论框架。

Comments 20 pages, 5 figures, 1 table

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Our understanding of cell division control in bacteria still relies largely on interpreting correlations between phenomenological variables, with limited connection to the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we analytically solve a stochastic threshold-accumulation model in which a size-dependent divisor protein triggers division upon reaching a noisy, autocorrelated threshold, quantifying within a unified framework the combined effects of intrinsic and extrinsic noise and key mechanistic parameters such as protein reset and threshold memory. We show that incorporating these elements yields behavior far richer than the commonly assumed adder, spanning a continuum of division strategies from timer to sizer while modulating size fluctuations in a nontrivial fashion. Comparison with single-cell E. coli data shows that extrinsic noise and additional mechanistic ingredients are required to account for the observed size fluctuations. The adder emerges when threshold correlations balance protein reset, generalizing the hypothesis that full reset is necessary to maintain adder control. Our results establish a unified analytical framework linking stochastic molecular processes to emergent division laws, to be used in more complex bacterial cell-cycle models.

2605.07006 2026-05-11 math.OC

Lectures on optimization

Sinho Chewi

AI总结 本文是关于凸优化理论的讲义,重点介绍了基于一阶方法的优化算法。作者系统地阐述了凸优化的基本概念、理论基础以及常用的一阶优化方法。该讲义为理解和应用现代优化技术提供了坚实的理论基础,适合相关领域的学习与研究。

Comments 149 pages

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These lecture notes cover the theory of convex optimization, with a particular emphasis on first-order methods.

2605.07004 2026-05-11 math.AC

The derived depth formula for modules of finite quasi-projective dimension

Luigi Ferraro, Justin Lyle

AI总结 本文研究了有限拟投射维数模的导出深度公式,提出了多种新的公式,包括推广的Auslander深度公式、宽度的导出深度公式变体、扩展的Ischebeck公式以及类似Jorgensen的依赖性公式。这些结果在一些特殊情况下即使在更强的假设下也具有新颖性,为交换代数和同调代数提供了重要的理论工具。

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Let $R$ be a commutative Noetherian local ring. We prove a variety of new formulae for modules of finite quasi-projective or finite quasi-injective dimension. These include the Derived Depth Formula, itself an extension of Auslander famous depth formula, a variation of the Derived Depth Formula for width, an extended version of Ischebeck's Formula, and a Dependency formula in the vein of Jorgensen. Several special cases of our main results are new even under stronger assumptions on the vanishing of various complete intersection dimensions.

2605.07000 2026-05-11 math.CO

A note on the extensible no-three-in-line problem

Anubhab Ghosal

AI总结 本文研究了可扩展的“无三共线点”问题,旨在在二维整数网格中构造一个点集,使得其中不存在三点共线。作者证明了存在一个点集 $S$,其在 $[n]^2$ 区域内的点数达到 $Ω(n/\sqrt{\log n})$,改进了此前的最佳下界。该结果通过随机构造方法实现,与现有上界之间的差距保持一致。

Comments 5 pages

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We show the existence of a set $S\subset\mathbb{Z}^2$ avoiding collinear triples satisfying $|S\cap [n]^2|=Ω(n/\sqrt{\log n})$ for sufficiently large $n$. This improves on the best-known lower bound on Erde's extensible no-three-in-line problem due to Nagy, Nagy and Woodroofe by $\sqrt{\log n}$, leaving the same gap to the trivial upper bound. Our construction is random.

2605.06999 2026-05-11 cs.SI

TubeCensus: A Transparent, Replicable, and Large-Scale Census of YouTube Channels and their Subscriber Counts Over Time

Chloe Eggleston, Abram Handler, Maria Leonor Pacheco

AI总结 TubeCensus 是一个透明、可复现且大规模的 YouTube 频道及其订阅数随时间变化的普查数据集,旨在解决当前缺乏对 YouTube 创作者生态全面了解的问题。该数据集通过收集和整理互联网档案馆中近二十年的 YouTube 页面快照构建而成,无需依赖易变的 YouTube 官方 API。研究验证了 TubeCensus 覆盖了 YouTube 内容的 30-36%,并包含了大量知名创作者,同时通过 pip 包简化了数据使用,为后续研究提供了便利。

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YouTube is central to contemporary mass media. However, the official YouTube API does not provide access to the full set of creators or creator metadata on the platform. This lack of basic visibility into the YouTube ecosystem hinders understanding of the platform's creator economy. Researchers currently have no easy, transparent, or replicable way to construct large-scale datasets of YouTube creators and their audiences over time. This makes it challenging to study vital social questions, such as how changes to the YouTube recommendation algorithm shape creator incentives and by extension the mass media on the platform. We address this gap with TubeCensus, a large-scale longitudinal dataset of YouTube creators and subscriber counts, constructed by collecting, linking, and organizing nearly two decades of YouTube page captures from the Internet Archive. This approach is transparent and replicable and does not require interaction with the YouTube API, whose output can change over time. We validate the coverage of TubeCensus against prior estimates of YouTube's size and find that our resource includes creators responsible for at least 30-36% of all YouTube content. We also find that TubeCensus provides good coverage of prominent creators. To support future research, we hide the substantial complexities of the YouTube identifier system and Internet Archive capture system by distributing our dataset via an easy-to-use pip package. Finally, we use our resource to complete basic exploratory analysis of YouTube channel content and the mechanisms associated with YouTube channel growth.

2605.06998 2026-05-11 hep-th

Beyond Algebraic Superstring Compactification: Part II

Tristan Hübsch

AI总结 本文探讨了超弦紧致化模型中超越代数结构的必要性,指出当前基于世界面超对称规范线性sigma模型和复代数托里奇几何的研究虽成果丰硕,但在镜像对偶性要求下需引入更一般的异质框架。研究发现,即使在复代数完全交和托里奇几何模型内部,也存在非代数的变形形式,这种形式与镜像对偶性要求高度一致,为超弦理论的发展提供了新的方向。

Comments 38 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables

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The most impressively prolific exploration of superstring models (aiming for our physical reality) has been focused on worldsheet-supersymmetric gauged linear sigma models and the closely associated complex-algebraic toric geometry. Mirror duality relates this to the inherently real symplectic geometry of Calabi-Yau factors in spacetime, implying a need for a more general, heterotic framework of analysis. In turn, a closer look at possible deformations even amongst the complex-algebraic complete intersections and toric geometry models themselves indicates an a priori non-algebraic type of generalization that however perfectly aligns with requirements of mirror duality.

2605.06996 2026-05-11 hep-ph

Renormalon-based resummation for B(D) Mesons

Cesar Ayala, Gorazd Cvetic

AI总结 本文应用基于重整化群的重求和方法,研究了底夸克和粲夸克的极点质量,利用了对应$\overline{\rm MS}$质量及其微扰展开系数的信息,并考虑了重整化群结构。通过引入一种特定的时空耦合形式,避免了常规微扰耦合中的兰道奇点问题,从而更准确地计算了相关强子参数和重夸克色磁威尔逊系数。

Comments 16 pages, 5 figures

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We apply a previously developed method of renormalon-based resummation of spacelike and timelike QCD observables, to evaluate of the values of the pole masses $m_q$ of $q=b$ and $c$ quarks, using as input the knowledge of the values of the corresponding ${\overline{\rm MS}}$ masses ${\overline m}_q \equiv {\overline m}_q({\overline m}_q^2)$. The evaluation also uses the knowledge of the first few coefficients of the perturbation expansion of $m_q$ (i.e., of $m_q/{\overline m}_q$), as well as the known renormalon structure of that expansion. In the evaluation, we use the timelike QCD running coupling based on a specific holomorphic spacelike QCD coupling, in order to avoid additional ambiguities due to the Landau poles of the usual perturbative coupling. The principal IR regulator parameter of the coupling is varied in an expected range. We also reevaluate the chromomagnetic Wilson coefficient of heavy quark ${\hat C}(m_q^2)$, and extract values of several corresponding hadronic parameters.