Type Ia supernovae (SNIa) play a central role in constraining the late-time expansion history of the Universe and are directly implicated in current cosmological tensions. Motivated by the possibility of unaccounted redshift-dependent calibration systematics or new physics, we investigate the impact of a phenomenological correction to SNIa magnitudes that scales with cosmic look-back time. We parameterize this effect with a free amplitude and constrain it using a combination of cosmic microwave background, baryon acoustic oscillation, and SNIa data, considering both $Λ$CDM and dynamical dark energy models. Importantly, our parameterization is not intended to serve as a proxy for SNIa progenitor age, as current observations show no significant difference in standardized SNIa brightness between young and old progenitor populations at low redshift. We find no evidence for a redshift-dependent calibration effect when fitting uncalibrated SNIa data, and its inclusion has a negligible impact on cosmological parameters within $Λ$CDM, nor does it qualitatively change the inferred dynamics of evolving dark energy. When incorporating a prior on the SNIa absolute magnitude from SH0ES, a nonzero calibration parameter is weakly preferred within $Λ$CDM. Interestingly, with dynamical dark energy, the preference of a nonzero calibration parameter increases to $4.3σ$, and it can accommodate both the distance ladder and early-Universe constraints, reducing the Hubble tension to $1.5σ$, with the best-fit model effectively corresponding to a constant equation of state with $w < -1$. Overall, our results indicate that redshift-dependent SNIa calibration effects, as parameterized here, are not supported by current data within $Λ$CDM, but can play a role in reconciling cosmological datasets when combined with extensions to the late-time expansion history.

Recent years have seen a growing interest in the use of belief propagation - an algorithm originally introduced for performing statistical inference on graphical models - for approximate, but highly efficient, tensor network contraction. Here, we detail how to apply generalized belief propagation (GBP) - where messages are passed within a hierarchy of overlapping regions of the tensor network - to approximately contract tensor networks and obtain accurate results. The original belief propagation algorithm is a corner case of this approach, corresponding to a particularly simple choice of regions of the tensor network. We implement the GBP algorithm for a number of different region choices on a range of two- and three-dimensional, infinite and finite tensor networks, solving the corresponding fixed point equations both numerically and, in certain tractable cases, analytically. Our examples include calculating the partition function of the fully frustrated Ising model, computing the ground state degeneracy of three-dimensional ice models, measuring observables on the deformed AKLT quantum state and evaluating the norm of randomly generated tensor network states.

Multiple mechanisms are proposed for the formation of giant molecular clouds (GMCs), from gravitational free-fall caused by self-gravity to stellar feedback-driven gas compression. Both the galactic environment and galaxy conditions could play an additional role in enhancing the formation via their gas surface density and star formation activity. In this paper, we make use of a catalog of 108,466 GMCs identified by F770W PHANGS--JWST imaging across 66 galaxies at a homogenized resolution of 30~pc. We measure the mass spectra in various galactic regions, whose power-law slopes vary from $-1.2$ to $-2.0$. We then estimate the formation time of each cloud using a model where GMCs form from multiple feedback compression, and find that clouds with masses $\leq 10^{5}\,M_{\odot}$ form, on average, in 20~Myr, with more massive clouds ($\sim 10^{6}$--$10^{7}\,M_{\odot}$) taking up to 100~Myr. We also find that cloud formation proceeds most rapidly in the central regions of galaxies, with formation timescales that are typically shorter by $\sim 5$--$10$~Myr compared to galactic disks. This effect is most pronounced in central molecular zones with enhanced star formation, highlighting the role of intense massive star formation, high molecular gas surface densities, and strong supersonic compressions in accelerating cloud formation. However, star formation is generally inefficient as the cloud lifetime is $\sim 1\,\%$ of the molecular depletion time. The formation time of clouds is $\sim 0.1$~dex longer than the free-fall time. This hints that magnetic fields, stellar feedback, or other mechanisms may prolong their formation instead of immediate free-fall collapse. This indicates a longevity of massive GMCs. The GMC ages also show only limited variation with galactocentric radius in both spiral and disk galaxies, suggesting that cloud formation proceeds similarly in these galaxy types.

We present a framework for non-Abelian p-loop, fracton, and planon condensation in 3+1 dimensions by constructing extended cage-net fracton models using decoupled layers of the Hu-Geer-Wu (HGW) string-net model. These cage-net models extend the conventional cage-net models based on the Levin-Wen (LW) string-net model in the sense that they inherit the tail degrees of freedom of the HGW models, which are essential for completely describing the internal spaces of quasiparticles. This approach allows us to explicitly derive the quasiparticle spectra of the cage-net models by projecting those of the parent 2D HGW layers. Utilizing this framework, we can condense the p-loops formed by non-Abelian anyons within a fracton phase. Specifically, we construct the condensation projector for $(σ\barσ, 1)$-loops within the extended Ising Cage-Net (ICN) model. We demonstrate that condensing these non-Abelian loops drives a phase transition that maps the ICN model to the X-cube (XC) model defined on a truncated cubic lattice, a process that explicitly reveals the splitting of non-Abelian planons into distinct sub-dimensional excitations. Furthermore, our framework extends to the condensation of fractons and planons: we demonstrate that in the ICN model fracton condensation drives the decoupling of the 3D fracton order back into isolated 2D topological order layers, while planon condensation collapses the system entirely into a trivial phase. Our results establish a concrete Hamiltonian mechanism for phase transitions between distinct fracton orders and provide a generalizable method for analyzing the evolution of sub-dimensional excitations.

A matter wave propagating through curved spacetime accumulates phase that encodes both geometry and gauge structure. We develop a semiclassical framework for charged spin-$1/2$ matter-wave interferometers based on a WKB expansion of the covariant Dirac equation, in which the phase decomposes into dynamical, spin, and electromagnetic Aharonov-Bohm (AB) contributions. In a freely falling detector frame, all three channels are governed by local tidal fields. In a weak gravitational-wave (GW) background, the dynamical and spin phases probe the gravitoelectric and gravitomagnetic sectors of curvature, while the AB phase arises from curvature-induced electromagnetic fields obtained from Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime. For a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), all three responses are determined by the same tidal scale, $\ddot{h}_A \sim Ω^2_{gw}h_0$, and filtered by a common geometric kernel, while entering through distinct physical couplings. In particular, the AB contribution depends not only on the enclosed flux but also on spatial variations of the induced fields and exhibits an intrinsic frequency dependence set by the traversal time. These results provide a unified description of matter-wave interferometric phases in time-dependent GW backgrounds and identify complementary dynamical, spin, and electromagnetic pathways through which spacetime curvature imprints itself on quantum interference.

Locally constrained gauge theories underpin our understanding of fundamental interactions in particle physics and the emergent behaviour of quantum materials. In strongly correlated systems, they can give rise to quantum spin liquids that lack conventional order and are defined by coherent superpositions of an extensive number of many-body configurations. Realising and probing such exotic states experimentally is an outstanding challenge both in solid-state and synthetic quantum systems, not least due to the difficulty of detecting the fragile coherences between many-body states. Here, we report a large-scale (>3,000 sites) realisation of a two-dimensional U(1) lattice gauge theory with ultracold atoms in a square optical superlattice and demonstrate non-equilibrium preparation of extended regions of U(1) quantum spin liquids. We demonstrate Gauss's law validity in a quench experiment, enabled by a new microscopy technique for detecting doubly occupied sites. We observe characteristic real-space correlations and momentum-space pinch points, hallmarks of the emergent U(1) gauge structure. Using round-trip interferometric protocols, we directly observe large-scale coherence between many-body configurations, providing strong evidence for quantum spin liquid regions extending over ~100 lattice sites. Our results establish non-equilibrium quantum simulation protocols as a powerful route for accessing and probing exotic, highly-entangled states beyond those hosted by the engineered Hamiltonian in thermal equilibrium.

We study the behaviour of four spins systems (the XY model, the Villain model, the XY height function and the integer-valued Gaussian free field) in the presence of a non-elliptic quenched disorder. In the article [DG25], it was shown that the phase transitions of the XY model (the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition in $d = 2$ and the order/disorder phase transition when $d \geq 3$) persist on the infinite cluster of a supercritical Bernoulli percolation. A first objective of this article is to extend these results to the Villain model. Our second objective is to analyse, for $d=2$, how the corresponding dual integer-valued height function models behave in the presence of a dual quenched disorder. These dual models are respectively the XY height function and the integer-valued Gaussian free field. Without disorder, these models are known to exhibit a phase transition in two dimensions called the roughening transition [FS81, Lam22b]. We show that this phase transition persists when the quenched disorder is given by enforcing $φ(x) = φ(y)$ independently with probability $\bar{p} < 1/2$ for neighboring sites $x, y$. Finally, we apply our methods to integer-valued height functions with annealed Gaussian interactions and prove the existence of a (quantified) rough phase. This includes all potentials of the form $|\nabla h|^p$ for $p \in (0, 2]$, recovering recent results of [OS25].

This paper presents an analysis of the applicability of a quantum amplitude redistribution algorithm to the data filtering problem and the results of modeling the algorithm's operation in comparison with a median filter.

We uncover an emergent universality in the large-scale, long-time statistics of a one-dimensional hard-rod gas evolving under two fundamentally different classes of microscopic dynamics: stochastic (diffusive) and unitary (ballistic). Remarkably, despite the difference of the two systems, the one-time joint distribution of the positions of multiple tracers exhibits identical non-Gaussian fluctuations, up to a simple dynamical scaling. This universality holds in both annealed and quenched ensembles, demonstrating a persistent memory of the initial state. Differences between the dynamics manifest at large scales only in multi-time statistics. Our conclusions are based on explicit large-deviation results for the one-time statistics of tracer pairs and the two-time statistics of a single tracer. Similar physics extends to current fluctuations, demonstrated explicitly in the quenched ensemble. We obtain these results from exact microscopic solutions for both dynamics and, independently, from fluctuating hydrodynamics in the ballistic case in the annealed ensemble. Our rare-event simulations further corroborate these findings and provide a novel demonstration of sampling atypical fluctuations in both types of hard-rod gas.

Combining recent advances in superconducting quantum hardware, we explore quantum correlations in a previously inaccessible regime by observing \emph{simultaneously} high-dimensional and many-body Bell non-locality. We report a high-confidence Bell violation in the correlations between two $d=64$-dimensional systems encoded in twelve qubits. For system sizes up to $d=32$, the strength of the observed nonlocal correlations exceeds the quantum upper bound for $d=2$ systems, providing direct evidence of high-dimensional nonlocality. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the observed violation is genuinely collective: all qubits contribute to the nonlocal correlations, while most pairwise correlations across the bipartition remain Bell-local. Our work illustrates how present-day quantum processors enable the exploration of fundamental predictions of quantum mechanics in previously inaccessible regimes and, in turn, how fundamental quantum effects can be used to benchmark their performance.

The emergence of classicality is fundamentally driven by the interaction between a quantum system and its environment. Foundational open-system approaches, notably the Caldeira-Leggett model, successfully captured how these interactions lead to macroscopic effects like quantum dissipation and decoherence. However, these approaches often leave the precise definitions of classicality and quantumness ambiguous. In quantum information theory, this boundary is a heavily scrutinized question, and Kochen-Specker contextuality emerges as a hallmark of nonclassicality. It is therefore natural to investigate whether decoherence can actually suppress this property. Taking this path creates an apparent conundrum, once there exist two distinct manifestations of quantum contextuality: state-dependent and state-independent ones. While state-dependent contextuality naturally vanishes under state degradation, state-independent contextuality could persist for any quantum state, since it shows up even for the maximally mixed state! In this paper, we resolve this apparent paradox by analyzing sequential measurement implementations of the paradigmatic Klyachko, Can, Binicioğlu, and Shumovsky (KCBS) and Peres-Mermin prepare-and-measure scenarios under the influence of depolarizing channels. By introducing noise both prior to and in between measurements, and by analyzing the resulting sequential correlators in both the Schrödinger and Heisenberg pictures, we show how open-system dynamics suppress the correlations required to witness contextuality, leading to classicalization.

In a Josephson junction network, anisotropic coupling between spin triplet pairing correlations can lead to frustrated $d$ vector textures that support spontaneous Josephson currents and nonintegral flux trapping. Such networks can appear in superconducting polycrystals, as well as single-crystal superconductors. In analogy to classical spin systems, in which the presence of geometric frustration and anisotropic superexchange can lead to nontrivial spin textures, Josephson networks with anisotropic Josephson couplings cannot simultaneously optimize their $\mathrm{U}(1)$ superconducting phase difference and relative $d$ vector orientations. The internal pairing structure of Cooper pairs twists as they tunnel across the Josephson junction, and the $d$ vector texture enters as an emergent geometric phase which can spontaneously trap fractional flux. For unitary triplet pairing order, this mechanism can support $π$-flux trapping above a critical value of antisymmetric Josephson coupling, and is distinct from usual half-quantum vortices. The results of this work reveal new routes to engineer frustrated Josephson networks from the interplay of magnetic textures and spin triplet superconducting pairing order.

The Gaia DR3, released in June 2022, included low-resolution BP/RP (XP) spectra that have been exploited for the classification of various types of emission-line objects using machine-learning techniques. The Gaia Extended Stellar Parametrizer for Emission-Line Stars (ESP-ELS) algorithm identified 273 sources as potential planetary nebulae (PNe). We aim to analyze the PN sample produced by the ESP-ELS algorithm to investigate the true nature of the objects classified as PNe. We extracted all sources from the catalog classified as PNe by the ESP-ELS algorithm and filtered out 200 objects with secure classifications available in the literature. Of these, $\sim$65% correspond to known Galactic or Magellanic compact PNe, and $\sim$20% to D- or D'-type symbiotic systems. The XP spectra of the remaining sources were visually inspected, leading to a subset of 14 promising candidates showing strong emission features attributable to H$α$ and [O III] $λ$5007. Although typical of PNe, such features are also consistent with D- or D'-type symbiotics, known to mimic compact PNe. We obtained spectroscopic follow-up observations for these objects with the 2SPOT facilities in Chile and France, complemented by an analysis of archival photometric data to further constrain their nature. We report the identification of nine bona-fide or likely D- or D'-type symbiotic systems, one planetary nebula in the LMC, one polar cataclysmic variable, and three possible Be stars in (or in the direction of) the SMC, within our sample of 14 objects.

We propose a contextual cavity/circuit QED analogue and extension of the Stern-Gerlach experiment, where the pseudo-spin of a two-state `atomic' transition plays the role of the ``spin'', while the resonant field driving the transition stands for the ``magnetic field''. A phase-sensitive continuous detection of the cavity field coupled to the induced `atomic' dipole affects the stability of the two distinct outcomes. The dressed states comprising the latter give their place to a self-consistent spontaneous dressed-state polarization as the driving strength is lowered. The associated evolution proves anew highly contextual, underpinned by a persistent production of coherent-state superpositions for a particular setting of the monitoring device. Finally, when bistability is absent, we employ the photoelectron `atomic' emission statistics as a diagnostic tool of the cavity field fluctuations.

Quantum simulation with ultracold atoms provides a versatile platform to emulate condensed-matter models. In particular, momentum-space lattices enable the realization of programmable tight-binding Hamiltonians. Here, we generalize this approach by exploiting quantum resonances of a periodically driven (shaken) rotor within the Floquet framework. Using first-order time-dependent perturbation theory, we derive analytical relations between the lattice modulation and the effective tight-binding parameters, and identify explicit solutions for several resonances. We further apply optimal-control techniques to enhance the multi-period Floquet fidelity and extend the accessible parameter regimes. Experimentally, we implement this scheme with a Bose-Einstein condensate of rubidium-87 atoms in a dynamically modulated optical lattice. We demonstrate the simulation of the Rice-Mele model, including band-structure measurements and topological edge states, as well as momentum Bloch oscillations, and superlattice configurations with controlled periodicity. Our results establish quantum resonances as a powerful resource for Floquet engineering of tight-binding models in momentum space.

We present the results of broad-line region (BLR) dynamical modeling for eight high-mass active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from the Seoul National University AGN Monitoring Project, by constraining BLR geometry and kinematics as well as black hole (BH) mass ($M_{\rm BH}$). We find that the H$β$-emitting BLRs are best described as thick disks viewed at intermediate inclinations, with emission preferentially originating from the far side of the BLR. BLR kinematics show a combination of rotational, inflowing and outflowing components. By comparing the $M_{\rm BH}$ from dynamical modeling with the virial products based on reverberation lags and line widths, we determine the virial factor $f$ for individual AGNs. Combining our sample with those $M_{\rm BH}$ consistently determined from BLR dynamical modeling, yielding a total of 38 objects, we derive a virial factor for future $M_{\rm BH}$ estimation of log$_{10}({f})_{\rm pred}=0.69\pm0.21$ based on $σ_{\rm line,rms}$ and $-0.08\pm0.23$ based on FWHM$_{\rm mean}$. The derived virial factor is consistent with that inferred by aligning the reverberation-mapped AGNs with quiescent galaxies in the $M_{\rm BH}$-$σ_{\ast}$relation, supporting the assumption that local active and inactive galaxies follow the same $M_{\rm BH}$-$σ_{\ast}$ relation. Our updated $f$ values exhibit an intrinsic dispersion of $\sim0.2$ dex, which allows for a more precise $M_{\rm BH}$ estimates than those based on the $M_{\rm BH}$-$σ_{\ast}$ relation. Our sample extends the dynamical modeling-based reverberation sample to $M_{\rm BH}$ $\sim$ [$10^8$, $10^{8.5}$] $M_{\odot}$ range, where the virial factor from the the AGN $M_{\rm BH}$-$σ_{\ast}$ relation remains poorly constrained, underscoring the unique value of dynamical modeling analysis in constraining the $M_{\rm BH}$ of the most massive BHs.

We present a kinematic study of six infrared-luminous galaxies observed with the Mid-InfraRed Instrument Medium-Resolution Spectrometer (MIRI/MRS) onboard JWST. These galaxies lie at $z = 0.5$--$0.6$, midway between the present day and the peak of cosmic star formation. Our sample spans a range of star formation (SF) and active galactic nucleus (AGN) contributions to the mid-infrared emission. We characterize the dynamical state of these IR-luminous galaxies and assess how AGN activity influences the kinematics of the interstellar medium. Using mid-IR atomic lines, we map galaxy kinematics beyond the local Universe for the first time. The spatial resolution of MIRI/MRS (3.0 kpc for 0.46$\arcsec$ at z $\sim$ 0.55) allows us to resolve the internal kinematics of our targets. We compute kinematic maps in three different emission lines ([Ar II]6.99$μ$m, [Ne II]12.81$μ$m, and H$_2$ 0-0 S(5)6.91$μ$m). Using the [Ar II]6.99$μ$m kinematic maps, we derive rotation curves for these sources. All galaxies exhibit ordered rotation, with \(V/σ\geq 2\), consistent with stable disks. Although some show minor disturbances, we find no strong evidence for recent major mergers or galaxy-wide ionized outflows. We find no correlation between \(V/σ\) and AGN fraction, suggesting AGN activity does not significantly disrupt global kinematics or that disk disruption is not required to trigger AGN. However, galaxies with higher AGN fractions show elevated central dispersions, indicating localized turbulence, possibly due to AGN feedback, stellar feedback, accretion or bulge structure. These IR-luminous galaxies likely represent mature, rotationally supported disks, with AGN activation occurring after disk assembly.

Proton therapy exploits the finite range of charged particles in tissue to achieve dose distributions no photon based modality can replicate. Yet the modality reaches fewer than 1 percent of patients who might benefit a gap rooted in cost and complexity rather than clinical evidence. This Review reframes proton therapy adoption as a physics problem. Two fundamental bottlenecks are identified: cost, arising from scaling laws governing accelerator design, beam transport, and radiation shielding; and motion, arising from the spatiotemporal mismatch between sequential pencil beam scanning and respiratory tumour displacement. We trace how successive compact architectures from gantry-integrated energy selection to gantry mounted accelerators and upright fixed beam systems have progressively reduced facility scale toward LINAC like simplicity and cost-effectiveness. An economic physics framework incorporating fixed and variable operating costs demonstrates that delivery speed has greater leverage on cost per patient than capital cost reduction alone. Field delivery times of approximately 10 seconds now demonstrated across fundamentally different architectures simultaneously suppress the interplay effect and enable the patient throughput required for financial viability. The same physics that resolves the motion problem drives the economic case for broad adoption. Emerging directions, including proton arc therapy, FLASH irradiation, and adaptive delivery define the path toward global democratization of the modality.

As granular materials flow and settle, interactions among particles of different sizes or properties drive mixing and segregation, producing rich dynamics that reshape systems ranging from industrial hoppers to planetary surfaces. A hallmark of such polydisperse flows is shear-driven size segregation, whereby particles rearrange so that larger grains migrate above smaller ones. Despite substantial progress in modelling granular flow and segregation, key questions concerning the underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. In particular, the physics of granular mixing -- the natural counterpart of segregation -- has received far less attention. Here, we investigate the dynamics of initially segregated granular materials driven out of equilibrium by external shear. We ask: what controls the extent and rate of segregation and mixing in a sheared granular flow? Answering this question is essential for understanding how external forcing disrupts stable and unstable particle configurations and for optimising processes that require controlled mixing. Using theoretical analysis and numerical experiments, we develop and validate a scaling framework that quantifies the mixing dynamics. Our results provide new insight into the physics of granular flows and lay the foundation for improved prediction and design in both natural and industrial settings.

The switching of antiferromagnetic order and its efficient control promise to enable ultrafast manipulation of data and large storage capacity. Recently, the time-dependent Schwinger boson mean-field theory has been successfully developed to study the Néel vector switching in hypercubic antiferromagnetic lattices. In the present article, we aim at demonstrating that the approach is a well-justified framework to capture the essentials of the switching process, even in low-symmetry quantum antiferromagnets. To this end, we show the possibility of the sublattice magnetization reorientation in the quantum antiferromagnetic honeycomb lattice. First, equilibrium properties of the honeycomb lattice are analyzed using the Schwinger boson mean-field theory and compared to the continuous similarity transformation method to justify the applicability of the approach. Then, the Schwinger boson mean-field theory is employed for switching process. We provide a comprehensive answer to the question what the threshold switching fields are when the coordination number of the lattice is varied. Indeed, the results of the study reveal a correspondence between lattice structures and the threshold fields by comparing them for the square and the simple cubic lattices and the honeycomb lattice. The findings of the present article extend the foundation for future theoretical and computational advancements in the field of antiferromagnetic switching. These advancements are of particular relevance for the development of ultrafast spintronic or magnonic devices.

Quantum computing has emerged as a powerful potential accelerator for computational fluid dynamics (CFD), but whether this promise can be realized in practice depends on how fluid information is encoded on quantum hardware. This review provides an architecture-agnostic assessment of encoding strategies for quantum-enhanced fluid simulation, focusing on the trade-offs they impose on state preparation, measurement, boundary treatment, nonlinear dynamics, and temporal evolution. We examine the principal encoding paradigms used in the literature and relate them to representative quantum algorithms for fluid simulation. Through these examples, we show that encoding choices fundamentally shape both the algorithm itself and also the practical feasibility of quantum CFD. For example, highly compact encodings can offer attractive asymptotic advantages but might introduce severe bottlenecks in readout, state preparation, and nonlinear processing, whereas less compact representations may simplify interactions and improve compatibility with analog and near-term hardware. No single encoding is universally optimal, rather the most suitable choice depends strongly on the structure of the fluid problem, the computational objective and the constraints of the target quantum platform. We therefore argue that encoding should be treated as a primary design variable in quantum CFD and revisited iteratively throughout the design pipeline, as different algorithmic components interact and influence one another.

Charge separation from the $(4,0)$ to the $(3,1)$ state in a Si/SiGe double quantum dot is commonly used for initialization of spin qubits and Pauli-spin-blockade readout. It was used in recent experiments involving creation of the $(3,1)$ singlet, and subsequent shuttling of one of the electrons. We present a theoretical description of the process of charge separation and singlet-triplet mixing, arriving at expressions for the singlet return probability that take into account experimentally observed finite probabilities of the creation of singlets with various patterns of valley occupations. In our analysis we focus on magnetic fields for which the electron spin Zeeman splitting is close to the valley splitting in one of the dots, when the spin-valley coupling causes a strong renormalization of the frequency of oscillations of singlet return probability. The latter effect has been recently used to perform valley splitting mapping by shuttling of one quantum dot to various locations with respect to the other. We give a detailed description of singlet-triplet dynamics near these spin-valley resonances and compare the results of calculations with measurements on double quantum dots in two distinct Si/SiGe heterostructures. Comparison of theory with experiments in which the presence of a few valley occupation patterns is visible, gives insight into the valley dependence of $g$-factors in these structures, providing support for a recently proposed theoretical model of this dependence. We also discuss how dephasing of singlet return probability oscillations near the spin-valley resonances is affected by valley splitting fluctuations caused by electric field noise.

We revisit the classical transfer matrix solution of the one- and two-dimensional Ising model from the perspective of Clifford and conformal geometric algebras. Building on Kaufman's spinor formulation, we show that all elements entering the solution, including the transfer matrix, its eigenvectors, and the quasiparticle excitations, admit a natural and unified interpretation as elements of an appropriate conformal Clifford algebra. In particular, the transfer matrix can be viewed as a dilation generated by a conformal bivector, while its eigenvectors correspond to null combinations of Clifford generators, closely paralleling the emergence of Majorana fermionic degrees of freedom. In the two-dimensional case, the standard eigenvalue equation for the row-to-row transfer matrix is reinterpreted as a dispersion relation for quasiparticle excitations, exposing the connection between the Ising model and a theory of free Majorana fermions. While all the explicit exact results recovered are well known, this geometric reformulation provides a unified algebraic framework which is compact and physically interpretable. Specifically, this clarifies the role of scale transformations, fermionic modes, and duality in the Ising model. We believe this approach offers a useful pedagogical complement to more conventional fermionic, Grassmann, or field theoretic treatments.

We analyze the ground state properties of the honeycomb Ising antiferromagnet in an external magnetic field. We demonstrate the existence of extensive ground state degeneracy at finite field that maps to a polyhex tiling problem. This state is shown to be a jammed spin liquid, with no local zero modes connecting ground states. Through Monte Carlo simulations, we explore the properties of these states and show that the spin diffusion can be controlled by the magnetic field strength. By considering quantum fluctuations, we demonstrate that transverse coupling partially lifts the ground state degeneracy, selecting an extensive subspace of non-periodic tilings of 12-hexes. We suggest that the jammed polyhex spin liquid phase exists in an experimentally realizable region of parameter space and may be present in the FePX$_3$ compounds.

We report the electrochemical investigation and study the diffusion kinetics of boron doped Na$_{0.66}$Mn$_{0.8}$Fe$_{0.2}$O$_{2}$ (B-NMFO) cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Notably, the B-NMFO cathode exhibits improved specific capacity of 163 mAh g$^{-1}$ as compared to 133 mAhg$^{-1}$ at 0.1~C for the NMFO cathode. Further, we observe better capacity retention of 70\% for B-NMFO as compared to the NMFO (60\%) at 1 C after 200 cycles, indicating high structural stability due to the presence of strong B-O bonds. The diffusion coefficient evaluation through galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and cyclic voltammetry, which is found to be in the range of 10$^{-8}$--10$^{-10}$ cm$^{2}$s$^{-1}$. Interestingly, the temperature dependent distribution of relaxation time (DRT) analysis provides a clear understanding about the individual physical processes occurring at different time domains during the electro-chemical testing. Moreover, density functional theory is employed to determine the energetics and the electronic properties of B-NMFO, which suggests that the interstitial tetrahedral sites, especially those next to vacancies, are the dominant incorporation path ways for B in the host structure. Additionally, classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are applied to gain insights into the Na-ion transport properties in the bulk structures cathode materials.

Cooperative emission is well understood for idealized symmetric systems, but its limits in spatially extended, free-space ensembles remain an open question. Here, we derive a universal law for the scaling of the maximum photon emission rate with system size that unifies both ordered arrays and disordered atomic clouds in arbitrary dimensions at fixed density. We demonstrate that, for a fixed atomic density, the maximum emission rate scales universally as the product of the atom number and the system's optical depth, with the latter encoding the dimensional scaling across all regimes from independent emission to the Dicke limit. Furthermore, we establish a scaling law for directional detection, revealing that the observed rate depends on the detector's numerical aperture: small apertures yield Dicke-like quadratic scaling, whereas large apertures recover our integrated universal bound. Our results establish optical depth as the parameter governing many-body cooperative emission in both ordered and disordered ensembles, and reveal that directional and total-emission scalings must be carefully distinguished in experimental settings.

Conformal symmetry is expected to be realized in many equilibrium statistical mechanical systems at criticality. Although this is certainly true in two-dimensional systems, the three-dimensional case is subtler, and only a few proofs exist, only so in very specific cases. In this work, we give two proofs for the large $N$ limit of the $O(N)$ universality class within the non-perturbative renormalization group framework: one functional, and one vertex-by-vertex in Fourier space. While doing so, we unveil how the theory is structured in order for conformal symmetry to be realized. As a consequence, we shed light on what to expect, on rather general grounds, for a theory to be conformally invariant.

Stacked van der Waals heterostructures based on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit a rich variety of exotic interfacial phenomena. Substituting one component with an organic semiconductor (OSC) enables the design of hybrid heterostructures with tunable functionalities for optoelectronic, photovoltaic, and spintronic applications. In this work, exploiting scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), photoemission orbital tomography (POT) and G0W0 electronic structure calculations, we experimentally and theoretically demonstrate the self-assembly of an ordered single layer of pentacene (5A) above monolayer WS2, exhibiting a type-II (staggered) band alignment in the hybrid 5A/WS2 interface. Central to this result is the synthesis of extended, atomically flat WS2 - an essential prerequisite for a highly ordered and electronically homogeneous OSC/TMD interface - which can only be reliably achieved via bottom-up growth, most notably molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). We realize this by leveraging Au(111) as an atomically clean and conductive sample for epitaxial growth - a necessary requirement for reliable and comparable STS/POT characterizations. The high quality of the synthesized heterostructure, together with its type-II band alignment, establishes pentacene/WS2 as a model system for orbital-resolved studies of charge transfer, energy-level renormalization, and non-equilibrium interfacial processes in hybrid organic-inorganic-2D heterostructures.

The microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V has a decisive impact on its mechanical performance; however, controlling phase composition during Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) remains difficult because of the inherent localized and cyclic thermal history. To fully leverage the design flexibility of LPBF while maintaining an efficient process, it is desirable to tailor the microstructure directly through process-parameter optimization rather than relying on post-processing or in-situ heat treatments. Nevertheless, the large and multidimensional parameter space, combined with the limited availability of experimental data, makes this task particularly challenging. In this work, we develop an efficient computational framework that links process conditions to microstructure evolution by coupling a phase transformation model with a fast 1D finite-difference thermal model, enabling comprehensive insights into process-microstructure relations. The framework predicts the fractions of stable $α_s$, martensitic $α_m$, and $β$ phases and is validated experimentally. A broad design of experiments covering 2,000 parameter combinations (spanning volumetric energy density, layer thickness, interlayer time, and build plate temperature) demonstrates how these parameters influence phase evolution and provides systematic practical guidelines for process design. The framework reproduces experimental trends with sufficient accuracy while being orders of magnitude faster than high-fidelity simulations, enabling rapid exploration of process-structure relationships in LPBF of Ti-6Al-4V.

In this paper, we investigate the thermodynamic and radiative properties of a regular black hole sourced by a dark matter halo described by the Einasto density profile. The closed-form expressions for the Hawking temperature, specific heat capacity, sparsity parameter of Hawking flux, and the spectral energy emission rate were obtained. All these are examined as a function of the characteristic scale parameter $α$ of the dark matter distribution and compared with the standard Schwarzschild results. We show that the presence of a dark matter halo suppresses both the Hawking temperature and energy emission rate relative to the standard black hole result. Crucially, the specific heat capacity can be positive for a finite range of horizon radii, signaling a thermodynamically stable phase; the boundary of this stable region defines a Davies-type phase transition. The sparsity parameter is higher than in the standard black hole, indicating that the dark matter environment makes the Hawking flux even more intermittent.