Mercury's magnetotail hosts a thin and highly dynamic current sheet (CS), where magnetic reconnection and strong fluctuations frequently occur. Here, we statistically analyze magnetic field power spectra across 370 magnetotail CSs observed by MESSENGER. About 20% of the events are quasi-laminar, showing single power-law spectra, whereas 80% are turbulent, exhibiting a spectral break separating inertial and kinetic ranges. A dawn-dusk asymmetry is identified: inertial-range slopes are systematically shallower on the dawnside, whereas kinetic-range slopes are steeper, indicating more developed turbulence there, consistent with the higher occurrence of reconnection-related processes on the dawnside. Component analysis shows that the transverse components, orthogonal to the tail-aligned principal field (BX), display shallow slopes near -1 in the inertial range, suggesting energy injection at ion scales rather than a classical inertial range. These results demonstrate that Mercury's unique plasma environment fundamentally reshapes the initiation of turbulence and the redistribution of energy in the magnetotail.

Semantic communication (SemCom) has emerged as a promising paradigm for future wireless networks by prioritizing task-relevant meaning over raw data delivery, thereby reducing communication overhead and improving efficiency. However, shifting from bit-accurate transmission to task-oriented delivery introduces new security and privacy risks. These include semantic leakage, semantic manipulation, knowledge base vulnerabilities, model-related attacks, and threats to authenticity and availability. Most existing secure SemCom studies focus on analog SemCom, where semantic features are mapped to continuous channel inputs. In contrast, digital SemCom transmits semantic information through discrete bits or symbols within practical transceiver pipelines, offering stronger compatibility with realworld systems while exposing a distinct and underexplored attack surface. In particular, digital SemCom typically represents semantic information over a finite alphabet through explicit digital modulation, following two main routes: probabilistic modulation and deterministic modulation. These discrete mechanisms and practical transmission procedures introduce additional vulnerabilities affecting bit- or symbol-level semantic information, the modulation stage, and packet-based delivery and protocol operations. Motivated by these challenges and the lack of a systematic analysis of secure digital SemCom, this paper provides a structured review of the area. Specifically, we review SemCom fundamentals and clarify the architectural differences between analog and digital SemCom. We then summarize threats shared by both paradigms and organize the threat landscape specific to digital SemCom, followed by a discussion of potential defenses. Finally, we outline open research directions toward secure and deployable digital SemCom systems.

LLMs democratize software engineering by enabling non-programmers to create applications, but this same accessibility fundamentally undermines security assumptions that have guided software engineering for decades. We show in this work how publicly available LLMs can be socially engineered to transform novices into capable attackers, challenging the foundational principle that exploitation requires technical expertise. To that end, we propose RSA (Role-assignment, Scenario-pretexting, and Action-solicitation), a pretexting strategy that manipulates LLMs into generating functional exploits despite their safety mechanisms. Testing against Odoo -- a widely used ERP platform, we evaluated five mainstream LLMs (GPT-4o, Gemini, Claude, Microsoft Copilot, and DeepSeek) and successfully exploited every tested CVE: at least one LLM produced a functional exploit for each within 3-5 prompting rounds. While prior work~\cite{jin2025good} found LLM-assisted attacks difficult and requiring manual effort, we demonstrate that this overhead can be eliminated entirely. Our findings invalidate core software engineering security principles: the distinction between technical and non-technical actors no longer provides valid threat models; technical complexity of vulnerability descriptions offers no protection when LLMs can abstract it away; and traditional security boundaries dissolve when the same tools that build software can be manipulated to break it. This represents a paradigm shift in software engineering -- we must redesign security practices for an era where exploitation requires only the ability to craft prompts, not understand code. Artifacts available at: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/From-Rookie-to-Attacker-D8B3.

Several observatories designed to detect ultrahigh-energy neutrinos are planned for the next decade. The most imminent of these is the Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO), a long-duration balloon-based experiment that will provide unprecedented sensitivity to neutrinos with energies in the range of ~ 1 - 1000 EeV. In this work, we assess the scientific reach of PUEO. In particular, we evaluate the sensitivity of this observatory to cosmogenic neutrinos and, in turn, to the proton fraction of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray spectrum. We also consider the potential of PUEO to probe scenarios in which neutrinos are produced through the decays of ultraheavy dark matter particles or are radiated from cosmic strings. We find that PUEO will be able to constrain the proton composition of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays in scenarios that feature very strong source evolution and in which protons are accelerated to extremely high energies. Although gamma-ray observations are generally more sensitive to decaying particles than neutrino observations, PUEO is expected to set the strongest neutrino-detector constraints above 10^19 eV. PUEO will also provide the strongest constraints on some models of cosmic strings.

We develop a symmetry-adapted multipolar $\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{p}$ theory close to the bulk $Γ$ point for time-reversal-symmetric, noncentrosymmetric $C_{3v}$ crystals in the strong atomic spin-orbit-coupling ($jj$-coupling) limit. Using a $j\in\{1/2,3/2,5/2\}$ multiplet basis appropriate for heavy-element \textit{p}- and \textit{d}-bands, we systematically construct all symmetry-allowed spin-orbit coupling terms up to fifth order in momentum and generalize the usual spin texture to a total-angular-momentum texture. For $j>1/2$, multipolar spin-orbit coupling qualitatively reshapes Fermi surfaces and makes the topology of Bloch states band dependent. This leads to anisotropic high-$j$ textures that go beyond a single Rashba helix. We classify these textures by their total-angular-momentum vorticity $W_{n}$ for every energy band and identify distinct $|W_{n}|=1,2,5$ phases. We show that their crossovers generate enhanced and nonmonotonic current-induced spin-polarization responses, namely the Edelstein effect, upon tuning the chemical potential. Our results provide a symmetry-based framework for analyzing and predicting multipolar spin-orbit coupling, total-angular-momentum textures, and spintronic responses in heavy-element materials without an inversion center.

In previous work, we introduced the $\ell$-boson stars, a generalization of standard boson stars, which are parameterized by an angular momentum number $\ell$, while still preserving the spacetime's spherical symmetry. In this article, we present and study the properties of $\ell$-boson stars in spacetimes with a negative cosmological constant, such that they are asymptotically anti-de Sitter.

We develop a symmetry-controlled theory of anisotropic thermomagnonic torques in insulating altermagnets. We identify a spin-splitter magnonic torque linked to thermally generated, sublattice-odd spin currents and an anisotropic entropic torque dictated by crystal symmetry. These torques produce anisotropic magnetic-texture responses to temperature gradients. In particular, thermally generated spin currents induce domain-wall precession, which reduces domain-wall velocities for selected gradient directions. We also predict an anisotropic skyrmion Hall response, with symmetry-selected directions enabling fast skyrmion motion with strongly suppressed transverse deflection. Our results reveal experimentally testable symmetry fingerprints of insulating altermagnets and extend more broadly to anisotropic magnets with exchange-driven magnon spin splitting.

We present the design and characterization of a Cockcroft--Walton (CW) high-voltage (HV) system developed for deep-sea neutrino telescopes. The system provides independently adjustable bias voltages for 31 three-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) housed in a hybrid Digital Optical Module (hDOM). We describe the system architecture, control logic, and laboratory test procedures, and report the combined PMT--base performance in terms of baseline stability, gain uniformity, and timing accuracy under conditions designed to emulate the deep-sea environment. Baseline measurements show low and stable electronic noise. Gain calibrations based on single-photoelectron spectra demonstrate that all PMTs can be tuned to a common nominal gain and remain stable over multi-day operation. Transit-time-spread measurements yield values below 1.8~ns (FWHM), consistent with manufacturer specifications. These results indicate that the CW-based HV system provides the stability and timing precision required for deep-sea multi-PMT optical modules.

I construct an Einstein-Cartan ekpyrotic model (ECEM): a homogeneous, nearly Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) background in Einstein-Cartan (EC) gravity whose spin-torsion sector, modeled phenomenologically as a Weyssenhoff fluid with stiff scaling $ρ_s\propto a^{-6}$, is coupled to a scalar field with a steep exponential potential that interpolates between a negative ekpyrotic branch and a positive plateau. Extending the Copeland-Liddle-Wands (CLW) scalar-fluid dynamical system to a six-dimensional phase space including shear, curvature, and spin-torsion, I recast the equations in a compact deceleration-parameter form, compute the full Jacobian, and evaluate maximal Lyapunov exponents. Numerical solutions show that the ekpyrotic branch ($w_ϕ\gg1$) exponentially damps homogeneous shear, while the softened branch ($w_ϕ<1$) allows $ρ_s$ to overtake the scalar during contraction and trigger a torsion-supported bounce at high but finite densities where the EC spin-torsion term becomes dynamically dominant. Scans in a two-parameter softening plane $(ϕ_{\rm b},Δ)$ identify a finite region of nonsingular trajectories and quantify the required tuning; in the parameter ranges explored the maximal Lyapunov exponent on the constrained phase space is negative, giving no indication of chaotic behavior in this homogeneous truncation even when the usual curvature mode that destabilizes contracting General Relativity (GR) backgrounds is included. The construction is purely phenomenological and confined to homogeneous backgrounds: it does not address entropy accumulation, the cosmological arrow of time, or a complete cyclic cosmology.

Previous research has shown that students often struggle to develop an understanding of linear and quadratic relationships. Covariational reasoning has been identified as a way to support this development. This study aims to investigate how covariational reasoning supports students in developing understandings of linear and quadratic relationships within a projectile motion context. A teaching experiment was conducted with two middle school students who engaged in a digital task exploring the relationship between height and time. The analysis characterizes how the students' covariational reasoning evolved as they interpreted the changing quantities in the task. The findings suggest that prompts encouraging students to compare linear and quadratic relationships can foster more sophisticated forms of covariational reasoning. The discussion highlights how specific features of the task design, including the affordances of technology, the emphasis on conceiving graphs as representations of covarying quantities, and the use of non-canonical graphing tasks, can support covariational reasoning.

Zaremba's conjecture concerns a formation of continued fraction expansions for rational numbers with partial quotient bounded by an absolute constant. We present asymptotic estimates for the size of $ε$-thickening of certain fractal sets of bounded-type, which in turn provide a remark on Zaremba's conjecture in an averaging sense. We also discuss a generalisation for complex continued fractions over imaginary quadratic fields.

Four constructions result from a desire to create enhancements to Cantor's infinite real set cardinality. Each continues to keep Cantor's cardinality formulation in place while providing new comparisons of arbitrary infinite sets. To distinguish their features from a single determinant of a bijection between sets, three of the constructions are characterized by the term "totality" in place of cardinality. We use outer measure in one construction to attain a comparison between subsets of an arbitrary metric space $X$ vis-a-vis subsets of the power set $\mathbb{P}(X)$.

This paper addresses the stabilization of a chain of three coupled hyperbolic partial differential equations actuated by two control inputs applied at arbitrary nodes of the network. With the exception of configurations where one input is located at an endpoint, cases already well studied in the literature, all admissible two-inputs configurations are treated in this paper within a unified framework. The proposed approach relies on a backstepping transformation combined with a reformulation of the closed-loop dynamics as an Integral Difference Equation (IDE). This IDE representation reveals a common structural pattern across configurations and clarifies the role played by delayed dynamics in the stability analysis. Within this formulation, the stabilization problem can be handled using existing IDE control techniques. For most configurations, the stabilization of the PDE system requires an approximate spectral controllability assumption. Remarkably, one specific configuration can be stabilized without imposing any additional spectral condition. In contrast, we also provide an explicit example of a configuration for which the required spectral controllability property fails to hold.

The decay $B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} π^{\pm}$, with a $CP$ asymmetry expected to be close to zero in the Standard Model, is theoretically clean and sensitive to potential new physics. An analysis of the decays $B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} π^{\pm}$ and $B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} K^{\pm}$ is performed using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of $13\,\mathrm{TeV}$, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. The \CP asymmetries are determined to be ${\cal A}^{CP}(B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} π^{\pm})=-0.028\pm 0.009\pm 0.009$ and ${\cal A}^{CP}(B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} K^{\pm})=0.118\pm 0.062 \pm 0.031$, and the branching fraction ratio is measured to be ${\cal B}(B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} K^{\pm})/{\cal B}(B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} π^{\pm})=0.055\pm 0.004 \pm 0.002$, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic. These results are the most precise measurements of these quantities to date. A search for the rare decay $B_c^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} K^{\pm}$ is also performed. No significant signal is observed, and the upper limit on the product of the branching fraction ratio ${\cal B}(B_c^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} K^{\pm})/{\cal B}(B^{\pm} \to K^0_{\mathrm{S}} π^{\pm})$ and the fragmentation-fraction ratio $f_c/f_u$ is set to be 0.015 (0.016) at the 90\% (95\%) confidence level.

We introduce a non-unitary-compatible numerical bootstrap strategy based on the statistical stability of OPE data inferred from crossing at multiple cross-ratios. For a trial spectrum, crossing determines OPE coefficients whose residual cross-ratio dependence directly measures the truncation error. This defines a scalar objective on the space of spectra, allowing bootstrap searches without imposing unitarity. Applied to two-dimensional Virasoro blocks, the method reproduces known A-series minimal models, including non-unitary examples, and yields candidate truncated solutions for c>1 with crossing violation comparable to that of minimal models. More generally, our framework provides a practical route to solving bootstrap constraints beyond the convex, unitary setting.

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) make high-quality instruction accessible. However, the lack of face-to-face interaction makes it difficult for instructors to obtain feedback on learners' performance and provide more effective instructional guidance. Traditional analytical approaches, such as clickstream logs or quiz scores, capture only coarse-grained learning outcomes and offer limited insight into learners' moment-to-moment cognitive states. In this study, we propose COIVis, an eye tracking-based visual analytics system that supports concept-level exploration of learning processes in MOOC videos. COIVis first extracts course concepts from multimodal video content and aligns them with the temporal structure and screen space of the lecture, defining Concepts of Interest (COIs), which anchor abstract concepts to specific spatiotemporal regions. Learners' gaze trajectories are transformed into COI sequences, and five interpretable learner-state features -- Attention, Cognitive Load, Interest, Preference, and Synchronicity -- are computed at the COI level based on eye tracking metrics. Building on these representations, COIVis provides a narrative, multi-view visualization enabling instructors to move from cohort-level overviews to individual learning paths, quickly locate problematic concepts, and compare diverse learning strategies. We evaluate COIVis through two case studies and in-depth user-feedback interviews. The results demonstrate that COIVis effectively provides instructors with valuable insights into the consistency and anomalies of learners' learning patterns, thereby supporting timely and personalized interventions for learners and optimizing instructional design.

This paper presents a new technical method for computing calendar time forecasts in a local area for large earthquakes of a target magnitude MT using a count small earthquakes MS < MT in the area, together with the Gutenberg-Richter (GR) magnitude-frequency relation. The GR relation states that for every large target earthquake of magnitude greater than MT , there are on average NGR small earthquakes of magnitude MT > M >= MS. The only assumption is that the GR statistics of the local area are the same as in the larger surrounding regions. This assumption is used to construct an ensemble of earthquakes in larger surrounding regions to be used in computing the forecast. The method has significant skill, as defined by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) test, which improves as time since the last major earthquake increases. The probability is conditioned on the number of small earthquakes n(t) that have occurred since the last large earthquake. There is no need to assume a probability model, as the probability is instead computed directly as the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) associated with the ROC curve. The method is validated by comparison to the UCERF3 forecasts for the UCERF3-defined geographic boxes centered on Los Angeles and San Francisco. The method is then applied to a 125-KM radius circular area around Los Angeles, California, following the January 17, 1994 magnitude M6.7 Northridge earthquake, and short term forecasts (1 year and 5 year ) are computed.

Background: Gait and balance impairment can profoundly impact people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Objectives: To evaluate the analytical and clinical validity of the U-Turn Test (UTT), a smartphone-based assessment of dynamic balance in PwMS. Methods: The GaitLab study (ISRCTN15993728) enrolled adult PwMS (EDSS 0.0-6.5). PwMS performed the UTT in a gait laboratory (supervised) using 6 smartphones at different wear locations and daily during a two-week remote period (unsupervised) using one smartphone (belt front). Median turn speed was computed per UTT. In the supervised setting, turn detection accuracy of smartphones was compared to motion capture (mocap) via F1 scores. Agreement between smartphone- and mocap-derived turn speed was assessed by Bland-Altman and ICC(3,1). In the unsupervised setting, test-retest reliability (ICC[2,1]) and correlations with Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW), EDSS, Ambulation Score, 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12), and Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale (ABC) were evaluated. Results: Ninety-six PwMS were included. Turn speed was comparable across supervised (1.44 rad/s) and unsupervised settings (1.47 rad/s). In the supervised setting, turn detection was highly accurate (F1 >95% across wear locations). Turn speed agreement with mocap was high (ICC[3,1]: 0.87-0.92), with minimal bias (-0.04 to 0.11 rad/s). Unsupervised test-retest reliability (ICC[2,1]) was >0.90 when aggregating >=2 tests. Turn speed correlated with T25FW (rho=-0.79), EDSS (rho=-0.75), Ambulation score (rho=-0.73), MSWS-12 (rho=-0.65), and ABC (rho=-0.61). Conclusion: The UTT accurately and reproducibly measures turn speed across wear locations and settings, providing complementary dynamic balance insights to clinical measures and showing potential for use in multiple sclerosis trials.

The hallmark of two-dimensional chiral topological phases is the existence of anomalous gapless modes at the spatial boundary. Yet, the manifestation of this edge anomaly within the bulk ground-state wavefunction itself remains only partially understood. In this work, we introduce a family of multipartite entanglement measures that probe chirality directly from the bulk wavefunction. Our construction involves applying different permutations between replicas of the ground state wavefunction in neighboring spatial regions, creating "permutation defects" at the boundaries between these regions. We provide general arguments for the robustness of these measures and develop a field-theoretical framework to compute them systematically. While the standard topological field theory prescription misses the chiral contribution, our method correctly identifies it as the chiral conformal field theory partition function on high-genus Riemann surfaces. This feature is a consequence of the bulk-edge correspondence, which dictates that any regularization of the theory at the permutation defects must introduce gapless boundary modes. We numerically verify our results with both free-fermion and strongly-interacting chiral topological states and find excellent agreement. Our results enable the extraction of the chiral central charge and the Hall conductance using a finite number of wavefunction replicas, making these quantities accessible to Monte-Carlo numerical techniques and noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices.

We explore the emergence of topological phases in moiré MoTe$_2$/WSe$_2$ bilayer, highlighting the crucial role of spin-orbit coupling and Coulomb interactions at two holes per moiré unit cell \(v = 2\). Our analysis uncovers robust Quantum Valley Hall Insulating (QVHI) phase and reveals that long-range interactions alone can mediate the interlayer electron tunneling, generating topologically nontrivial bands even in the absence of the corresponding single-particle hopping. Additionally, we show that in the case of band mixing terms originating both from the interaction and single particle physics a competition between topological states realizing $s$-$wave$ and $p\pm ip$-$wave$ symmetries can appear. Moreover, within the considered theoretical framework, we present that by introducing a small Zeeman field, one can lift the band inversion in one of the valleys. This leads to a Quantum Anomalous Hall Insulating (QAHI) state with the topological gap opening in a single valley and the other being topologically trivial.

Ultra-high-energy photons play an important role in probing astrophysical models and beyond-Standard-Model scenarios. We report updated limits on the diffuse photon flux using Telescope Array's Surface Detector data collected over 14 years of operation. Our method employs a neural network classifier to effectively distinguish between proton-induced and photon-induced events. The input data include both reconstructed composition-sensitive parameters and raw time-resolved signals registered by the Surface Detector stations. To mitigate biases from Monte Carlo simulations, we fine-tune the network with a subset of experimental data. The number of observed photon candidates is found to be consistent with the expected hadronic background, yielding upper limits on photon flux $Φ_γ(E_γ> 10^{19} \text{eV}) < 2.3 \cdot 10^{-3} $, and $Φ_γ(E_γ> 10^{20} \text{eV}) < 3.0 \cdot 10^{-4} $ $ (\text{km}^2 \cdot \text{sr} \cdot \text{yr})^{-1} $.

A generic question in the field of ultrafast dynamics is concerned with the relaxation dynamics and the subsequent thermalization of optically excited charge carriers. Among several possible relaxation channels available in a solid-state system, we focus on the coupling to magnetic excitations. In this paper, we study the real-time dynamics of a paradigmatic model, the Kondo lattice model in one dimension. We conduct a comprehensive study of the relaxation processes by evaluating the spin polarization of the conduction electron, the local spin-spin correlation between localized and conduction electrons, and the electronic momentum distribution. While in the well-studied cases of one or two charge carriers in a ferromagnetic background, no thermalization occurs, we demonstrate that the stationary state is compatible with thermalization if either the electronic filling is finite or the magnetic background is in the singlet sector. Our real-time simulations using the time-dependent Lanczos method are corroborated by a direct comparison with finite-temperature expectation values and an analysis of the spectrum in terms of the gap ratio.

Observing [O I] emission to calculate an "oxygen line ratio" has been proposed as a potential proxy for direct CO$_2$ measurement in comets. However, the photochemistry governing [O I] release into the coma is not well understood, and using theoretical release rates often yields different results than using empirical release rates determined in conjunction with direct space-based measurements of CO$_2$. We hypothesize that the accuracy of the release rates could depend on the level of solar activity at the time the comet is observed, which will be influenced by the solar cycle. We present observations and analysis of [O I] emission in one comet observed near solar maximum, C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy), and one near solar minimum, C/2007 N3 (Lulin). Our [O I] measurements were obtained using two high spectral resolution optical spectrographs: the Tull Coudé spectrometer at McDonald Observatory and the ARCES spectrometer at Apache Point Observatory. We use empirical and theoretical models for [O I] emission from the literature to derive multiple sets of inferred CO$_2$ abundances for these comets and compare to contemporaneous space-based measurements of CO$_2$. We find that the empirical model, which was developed based on comet observations obtained near solar maximum, reproduces the directly measured CO$_2$ abundances better for Lovejoy. Neither model accurately reproduces the direct measurement for Lulin. We discuss the implications of our findings for the accuracy and dependencies of the oxygen line ratio method for inferring CO$_2$ abundances in cometary comae.

Given a closed Riemannian manifold $(M^{n+1},g)$,$3\leq n+1\leq7$.In this paper,we will prove that for any $c>0$,suppose the number of closed $c-CMC$ hypersurfaces is finite,then there exists a metric $h$ on $M$ such that the $c-CMC$ hypersurfaces in $(M,g)$ are also $c-CMC$ hypersurfaces in $(M,h)$ and the number of $c-CMC$ hypersurfaces in $(M,h)$ is strictly greater than the number of $c-CMC$ hypersurfaces in $(M,g)$.Moreover,we will give a precise upper bound for the $L^{\frac{n+1}{2}}$ norm of $(g-h)$,which depends on the metric $g$ and the number of $c-CMC$ hypersurfaces in $(M,g)$.

This paper studies the asymptotic distribution of a constrained lasso-type estimator for denoising signals defined on the nodes of a graph, where the underlying structure encodes relationships between variables. We show that, under suitable assumptions on the penalization parameters, the limiting distribution of the estimator is obtained by applying the corresponding constrained procedure to the asymptotic distribution of the unrestricted estimator. Thus, the constrained estimator shares the same convergence rate as the unrestricted estimator. Without the fusion penalty, the limiting distribution is obtained by applying individual nearly isotonic estimators to the corresponding sub-vectors of the unrestricted estimator's asymptotic distribution, similarly to the limiting behavior of isotonic regression.

We consider single-particle excitations of the massive Chern-Simons field of mass $M$ in $AdS_3$ and evaluate their contribution at the first sub-leading order in $G_N$ to the entanglement entropy across the Ryu-Takayanagi surface. Quantizing the Chern-Simons field in $AdS_3$, we evaluate the corrections to the holographic entanglement entropy using the Faulkner-Lewkowycz-Maldacena formula. The massive Chern-Simons field also obeys the equations of motion of a massive vector in $AdS_3$. The lowest-energy single-particle excitation of this field is dual to the primary operator of conformal dimension $M+1$ with spin one in the dual CFT; all other single-particle excitations are dual to its global descendants. We compare the entanglement entropy result from the FLM formula to the single-interval entanglement entropy in large-charge holographic CFT obtained using the replica trick for the primary and its tower of holomorphic descendants. The two results agree precisely in the leading and sub-leading terms of the short interval expansion. We evaluate the contribution of the edge mode to the vacuum-subtracted entanglement and show that it vanishes, which is crucial for the FLM formula to agree with the CFT result. On taking the massless limit, the result coincides with the contribution of a $U(1)$ current to the single interval entanglement entropy. This is surprising since an earlier calculation in the literature reproduced the CFT result entirely from the edge $U(1)$ degrees of freedom on the RT surface.

In this work, we construct the color $\bar{\mathbf{3}}\bar{\mathbf{3}}\bar{\mathbf{3}}$ type local five-quark currents with the light quarks $qss$ in the flavor octet, and study the $qssc\bar{c}$ pentaquark states via the QCD sum rules in a comprehensive way, and we emphasize that we achieve two light-flavor octets. We obtain the mass spectrum of the hidden-charm-doubly-strange pentaquark states with the isospin-spin-parity $IJ^{P}=\frac{1}{2}{\frac{1}{2}}^-$, $\frac{1}{2}{\frac{3}{2}}^-$ and $\frac{1}{2}{\frac{5}{2}}^-$, which can be confronted to the experimental data in the future, especially in the process $Ξ_b^- \to P_{css}^-ϕ\to J/ψΞ^- ϕ$. As a byproduct, we observe that the lowest hidden-charm pentaquark states are not of the scalar-diquark-scalar-diquark-antiquark type, it is not suitable to refer to the scalar and axialvector diquarks as the "good" and "bad" diquarks, respectively.

Quasi-Einstein manifolds are well-studied generalizations of Einstein manifolds. This includes gradient Ricci solitons and has a natural correspondence with the warped product Einstein manifolds. A quasi-Einstein metric is said to be rigid when it reduces to an Einstein metric. On a different note, Einstein metrics can be viewed as fixed points of the Ricci flow up to homothety. While gradient Ricci solitons are generalized fixed points of the Ricci flow, not much is known, in general, about the evolution of quasi-Einstein metrics under the Ricci flow. In this paper, we employ an identity associated to the evolution of curvature along the Ricci flow, to conclude the rigidity of certain closed quasi-Einstein manifolds.

This paper builds on our Uncertainty-Guided Live Measurement Sequencing (UGLMS) method. UGLMS is a closed-loop test strategy that adaptively selects SAR ADC code edges based on model uncertainty and refines a behavioral mismatch model in real time via an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), eliminating full-range sweeps and offline post-processing. We introduce an enhanced UGLMS that delivers significantly faster test runtimes while maintaining estimation accuracy. First, a rank-1 EKF update replaces costly matrix inversions with efficient vector operations, and a measurement-aligned covariance-inflation strategy accelerates convergence under unexpected innovations. Second, we extend the static mismatch model with a low-order carrier polynomial to capture systematic nonlinearities beyond pure capacitor mismatch. Third, a trace-based termination adapts test length to convergence, preventing premature stops and redundant iterations. Simulations show the enhanced UGLMS reconstructs full Integral- and Differential-Non-Linearity (INL/DNL) in just 36 ms for 16-bit and under 70 ms for 18-bit ADCs (120 ms with the polynomial extension). Combining the faster convergence from covariance inflation with reduced per-iteration runtime from the rank-1 EKF update, the method reaches equal accuracy 8x faster for 16-bit ADCs. These improvements enable real-time, production-ready SAR ADC linearity testing.

This paper introduces a novel closed-loop testing methodology for efficient linearity testing of high-resolution Successive Approximation Register (SAR) Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs). Existing test strategies, including histogram-based approaches, sine wave testing, and model-driven reconstruction, often rely on dense data acquisition followed by offline post-processing, which increases overall test time and complexity. To overcome these limitations, we propose an adaptive approach that utilizes an iterative behavioral model refined by an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) in real time, enabling direct estimation of capacitor mismatch parameters that determine INL behavior. Our algorithm dynamically selects measurement points based on current model uncertainty, maximizing information gain with respect to parameter confidence and narrowing sampling intervals as estimation progresses. By providing immediate feedback and adaptive targeting, the proposed method eliminates the need for large-scale data collection and post-measurement analysis. Experimental results demonstrate substantial reductions in total test time and computational overhead, highlighting the method's suitability for integration in production environments.