When colloidal droplets evaporate, suspended particles are redistributed by a competition between evaporation-driven capillary advection, interfacial Marangoni stresses and particle mobility, leading to diverse deposition patterns relevant to coating and self-assembly. While these mechanisms are well understood for passive suspensions, their interplay in chemically active colloidal systems remains less explored. Here, we investigate the drying dynamics of droplets containing catalytic polystyrene-platinum (PS-Pt) Janus particles in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) fuel. H2O2 undergoes catalytic decomposition at the Pt hemisphere, resulting in the formation of oxygen (O2). By systematically varying H2O2 concentration, surface wettability and open versus confined drying conditions, we identify distinct transport regimes governed by the relative magnitudes of capillary flow and gas bubble-induced Marangoni convection. While time-resolved contact-angle measurements reveal substrate-dependent evaporation modes, an increase in catalytic activity promotes O2 bubble generation that locally reverses or disrupts outward particle transport. Closed drying conditions further modify evaporation rates and prolong bubble residence times, leading to transitions from peripheral accumulation to spatially uniform or centrally concentrated deposits. Bubble-induced Marangoni flow, controlled here by tuning substrate wettability and environmental conditions, therefore emerges as the dominant mechanism governing the evaporation dynamics and dried morphologies of catalytically active Janus particle droplets.

We introduce Morita equivalence for Nijenhuis groupoids and for their infinitesimal counterparts, establishing a global-to-infinitesimal correspondence under the Lie functor. A special case is that of holomorphic Lie groupoids and algebroids. We use our framework to enhance the known Morita equivalences for quasi-symplectic groupoids and Dirac structures with compatible Nijenhuis structures. Finally, subject to certain conditions, we prove that the modular class of Poisson-Nijenhuis manifolds is invariant under Morita equivalence.

We introduce and systematically investigate a scale of tent spaces that characterizes homogeneous Triebel-Lizorkin spaces $\mathrm{\dot F}^β_{p,q}$. These spaces generalize the classical spaces of Coifman, Meyer, and Stein, and are shown to be equivalent to the weighted tent spaces with Whitney averages developed by Huang. We show that these tent spaces follow a functional analytic theory that mirrors that of Triebel-Lizorkin spaces, including duality, embeddings, discrete characterizations, John-Nirenberg-type properties, as well as real and complex interpolation. Furthermore, we provide a novel characterization of the endpoint spaces $\mathrm{\dot F}^β_{\infty,q}$, completing earlier work by Auscher, Bechtel, and the author.

We explore the sensitivity of the SNO experiment to light dark matter particles $χ$ with spin-dependent interactions with nucleons. We show that the pair-production of MeV scale dark matter is possible in heavy water (CANDU) reactors via ${\rm D}(n,χ\barχ)^3{\rm He}$, and calculate the expected rate within the simplest models of $χ$-nucleon interactions. %Heavy water nuclear reactors serve as an excellent production method for spin-dependent dark matter. Owing to a sizable $Q$-value for this reaction, a large fraction of DM particles produced this way are above the threshold for deuteron disintegration, ${\rm D}(χ,χ)np$, which adds to the SNO neutral current signal. Evaluating the CANDU-to-SNO scheme for the production and detection of DM, we derive novel constraints for the $χ$-nucleon spin-dependent cross sections, showing that cross sections above $σ_{χp} \sim 10^{-33}\,{\rm cm}^{2}$ are generally excluded if $m_χ\leq1.5$\,MeV. An isospin-mirror reaction will occur in the Sun, and for the kinematically allowed region it excludes a portion of parameter space with cross sections on the order $10^{-37}\,{\rm cm}^{2}$. We also evaluate the potential sensitivity of small ``near" detectors placed in close proximity to a CANDU reactor to search for a coherent nuclear recoil, finding subdominant sensitivity.

Isotropic integrable spin chains such as the Heisenberg model feature superdiffusive spin transport belonging to an as-yet-unidentified dynamical universality class closely related to that of Kardar, Parisi, and Zhang (KPZ). To determine whether these results extend to more generic one-dimensional models, particularly those realizable in quantum simulators, we investigate spin and energy transport in non-integrable, long-range Heisenberg models using state-of-the-art tensor network methods. Despite the lack of integrability and the asymptotic expectation of diffusion, for power-law models (with exponent $2 < α< \infty$) we observe long-lived $z=3/2$ superdiffusive spin transport and two-point correlators consistent with KPZ scaling functions, up to times $t \sim 10^3/J$. We conjecture that this KPZ-like transport is due to the proximity of such power-law-interacting models to the integrable family of Inozemtsev models, which we show to also exhibit KPZ-like spin transport across all interaction ranges. Finally, we consider anisotropic spin models naturally realized in Rydberg atom arrays and ultracold polar molecules, demonstrating that a wide range of long-lived, non-diffusive transport can be observed in experimental settings.

Substructures such as rings, gaps, and cavities are commonly observed in protoplanetary discs and are thought to play a key role in dust evolution and planet formation. However, a fraction of the extended discs (68% dust radii > 30 AU) in nearby star-forming regions remain unresolved, leaving their substructure content uncertain and thereby limiting our understanding of dust evolution and the initial conditions for planet formation across the full disc population. We aim to investigate the presence of substructures in previously unresolved, extended discs to assess whether all extended protoplanetary discs in the Solar neighbourhood exhibit substructures. We present new high-resolution ($\sim$0.12") ALMA Band 6 continuum observations at 1.33 mm of 26 previously unresolved, extended discs within 200 pc, completing the high-resolution sample of extended discs in Taurus, Ophiuchus, Chamaeleon, Lupus, Upper Scorpius, Upper Centaurus-Lupus and Lower Centaurus-Crux. We analyse radial intensity profiles using Frankenstein and Galario to detect substructures. Seventeen discs show clear substructures, while nine appear compact and structureless, smooth or ambiguous due to inclination or possible binarity/late-stage infall. We detect $^{12}$CO J=2-1 emission in 15 discs, with extended emission in four. Combined with literature data, our complete sample of 730 protoplanetary discs reveals that nearly all extended discs exhibit substructures, $\sim$91% detected in the full sample, and up to $\sim$98% when correcting for high-inclination systems where substructures may be hidden. Substructures are a near-universal feature of extended protoplanetary discs. They are more commonly detected in larger, massive discs and around higher-mass stars, and structured discs retain their dust mass over time. This supports the scenario in which dust traps, possibly induced by giant planets, shape disc morphologies.

Non-Hermitian (NH) systems, owing to the existence of exceptional point (or ring and surface), exhibit exotic topological features which are inaccessible in Hermitian systems. While current studies on NH topology has primarily focused on pure states at zero temperature, the topological properties of mixed states remain largely unexplored. In this work, we investigate the mixed-state topology in two-dimensional NH systems using the Uhlmann phase and the thermal Uhlmann-Chern number, both structured via the Uhlmann connection at specific temperatures, revealing distinct topological characteristics compared to those of pure states. Furthermore, we extend our analysis to mixed states in three-dimensional Abelian and four-dimensional non-Abelian NH systems, confirming the existence of the higher-order mixed-state topology. Our study establishes a conceptual and practical pathway for exploring topological phenomena in the mixed-state regime of NH physics.

Supersymmetric localization reduces the computation of protected observables in ABJM theory to finite-dimensional matrix integrals. Building on the techniques introduced in arXiv:2512.02119, we develop a bootstrap framework for the systematic calculation of instanton corrections to the free energy and to supersymmetric Wilson loops. Exploiting exact functional relations and consistency conditions satisfied by grand-canonical observables, in the Fermi-gas formulation of the ABJM matrix model, we provide analytic derivations of several relations for the free energy that were previously known only conjecturally, either from refined topological string theory or from high-precision numerical studies. We apply the same framework to determine the nonperturbative corrections to $1/2$ and $1/6$ BPS Wilson loops, elucidating their qualitative differences and uncovering novel structural features of the instanton effects. These results further highlight the intricate nonperturbative structure and network of dualities underlying ABJM theory.

We employ a single worldline effective field theory in a Schwarzschild--Tangherlini background to compute the gravitational Compton amplitude up to third post-Minkowskian order. By exposing the structure of infrared and forward divergences of the post-Minkowskian expansion, we are able to regulate these divergences, thereby establishing an exact and useful computational bridge to results in black hole perturbation theory. We also outline possible applications for Compton amplitudes with finite-size effects, such as spin and tidal features.

In the Symmetry Topological Field Theories (SymTFT) that describes the exotic models XY-plaquette and XYZ-cube, we construct codim-1 condensation defects by higher gauging with discrete torsion the non-compact symmetry of the bulk. In the framework of SymTFT Mille-feuille, which captures the Lorentz-invariance breaking subsystem symmetries, these models are dual to foliated versions of Maxwell theory. We show first that the XY-plaquette model admits a $θ$-term. Then, we show these condensation defects realize non-invertible self-duality symmetries at any value of the coupling. In the XYZ-cube model such symmetry is discrete. On the other hand, we find that the XY-plaquette has a non-invertible continuous $SO(2)$ symmetry, thus extending the results in the current literature.

We investigate the application of tensor-train (TT) algorithms to multigroup thermal radiation transport (i.e., photon radiation transport). The TT framework enables simulations at discretizations that might otherwise be computationally infeasible on conventional hardware. We show that solutions to certain multigroup problems possess an intrinsic low-rank structure, which the TT representation leverages effectively. This enables us to solve problems where the discretized solution size exceeds a trillion parameters on a single node. The solver is evaluated on a range of test problems with varying levels of complexity, consistently achieving compression factors greater than $100 \times$ and speedups exceeding $2 \times$. We also investigate alternative TT topologies by analyzing the low-rank structure of the merged spatio-spectral core to assess the potential for greater compression. This analysis suggests that compression gains could increase by factors as large as $7$. Our results indicate that the low-rank structure of the merged spatio-spectral core captures the spatio-spectral complexity of the solution, largely driven by the opacity structure of the medium. Beyond identifying opportunities for improved compression, this analysis highlights the types of errors that may arise in angle-integrated quantities when exploiting this low-rank structure.

Mechanical strain can be used to control physical properties in materials. The experimental investigation of strain-induced effects at the nanoscale is of importance not only for its fundamental aspects, but also for the development of device applications. Transmission X-ray microscopy is a particularly well-suited technique for nanoscale imaging of magnetic materials, but its compatibility with in-situ mechanical straining of samples is limited. In this work, we present a setup for applying tailored in-situ mechanical strains to freestanding thin films by means of a micro electromechanical system (MEMS) actuator. We then present a proof-of-concept experiment in which a freestanding 80 nm thick (001) BiFeO3 multiferroic thin film is strained with the MEMS device, allowing us to control the coupled ferroelectric/spin cycloidal configuration.

This study explores a physics-data driven hybrid approach for sea-ice column physics models, in which a machine learning (ML) component acts as a state-dependent parameterization of forecast errors. We examine how perturbations in snow thermodynamics and sea-ice radiative properties affect forecast errors, and train dedicated neural networks (NNs) for each model configuration. The performance of the hybrid models is evaluated for long lead-time forecasts and compared against a benchmark system based on climatological forecast-error estimates. The NN-based hybrids prove to be stable, robust to initial condition and atmospheric forcing errors, and consistently outperform their climatology-based counterpart. To derive guiding principles for efficiently handling possible physical model updates, we perform transfer learning experiments to test whether pretrained NNs optimized for one model configuration can be successfully adapted to another. Results indicate that direct evaluation of pretrained networks on the target task provides useful insights into their adaptability, recommending transfer learning whenever performance exceeds a trivial baseline. Finally, a feature-importance analysis shows that atmospheric forcing inputs have negligible influence on NN predictive skill, while ice-layer enthalpies play a key role in achieving satisfactory performance.

Empirical software engineering research often depends on datasets of code repository artifacts, where sampling strategies are employed to enable large-scale analyses. The design and evaluation of these strategies are critical, as they directly influence the generalizability of research findings. However, sampling remains an underestimated aspect in software engineering research: we identify two main challenges related to (1) the design and representativeness of sampling approaches, and (2) the ability to reason about the implications of sampling decisions on generalizability. To address these challenges, we propose a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) to explicitly describe complex sampling strategies through composable sampling operators. This formalism supports both the specification and the reasoning about the generalizability of results based on the applied sampling strategies. We implement the DSL as a Python-based fluent API, and demonstrate how it facilitates representativeness reasoning using statistical indicators extracted from sampling workflows. We validate our approach through a case study of MSR papers involving code repository sampling. Our results show that the DSL can model the sampling strategies reported in recent literature.

Neutrino interactions play a central role in transport and flavor evolution in the ejecta of binary neutron star mergers. Simulations suggest that neutron star mergers may produce magnetic fields as strong as $10^{17}$ G, but computational difficulties have hampered the inclusion of magnetic field effects in neutrino interaction rates. In this paper we give approximate interaction rates for neutrinos in the presence of strong magnetic fields, including the effects of Landau quantization and anomalous magnetic moments with errors of order $\sqrt{T/M}$. We also comment on a neutrino production channel from individual neutrons that can produce low-energy $ν\barν$ pairs even at low density.

The singular value decomposition (SVD) is a powerful tool in modern numerical linear algebra, which underpins computational methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), low-rank approximations, and randomized algorithms. Many practical scenarios require solving numerous small SVD problems, a regime generally referred to as "batch SVD". Existing programming models can handle this efficiently on parallel CPU architectures, but high-performance solutions for GPUs remain immature. A GPU-oriented batch SVD solver is introduced. This solver exploits the one-sided Jacobi algorithm to exploit fine-grained parallelism, and a number of algorithmic and design optimizations achieve unmatched performance. Starting from a baseline solver, a sequence of optimizations is applied to obtain incremental performance gains. Numerical experiments show that the new solver is robust across problems with different numerical properties, matrix shapes, and arithmetic precisions. Performance benchmarks on both NVIDIA and AMD systems show significant performance speedups over vendor solutions as well as existing open-source solvers.

Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) combine high detection efficiency, low noise, and excellent timing resolution, making them a leading platform for photon-counting applications. However, despite decades of materials and fabrication research, detector performance has never been shown to match theoretical performance expectations. Here, we demonstrate for the first time in situ tuning of a detector from its typical, suboptimal operation, to a regime limited only by material quality, allowing the device to reach its intrinsic performance limit. Our approach is based on current-biased superconducting "rails" placed on either side of the detector that redistribute current across its width to achieve its peak performance. This technique not only reduces the dark count rate by ten orders of magnitude, but also enables future detectors to overcome the Pearl limit for device width, paving the way for arbitrarily large detectors. We show operation at this intrinsic performance limit for devices up to 0.1 mm wide, and also demonstrate near-unity internal detection efficiency (IDE) at a wavelength of 4um for a 20um-wide detector--a factor of 20 wider than the current state of the art.

We assess the accuracy of our previous Asymptotic Padé predictions of the five-loop QCD $β$-function and quark mass anomalous dimension in the light of subsequent exact results. We find the low-order coefficients in an expansion in powers of $N_F$ (the number of flavours) were correct to within $1\%$. Furthermore an examination of recent results in $λϕ^4$ theory indicates that the Asymptotic Padé methods deliver predictions which increase in accuracy with loop order. Encouraged by this, we present six-loop Asymptotic Padé predictions for the QCD $β$-function and quark mass anomalous dimension, and also for the eight-loop $β$-function in $O(N)$ $λϕ^4$ theory.

Destruction of the interstellar dust proceeds primary behind supernova shocks. The previous estimates of the mass of the interstellar dust destroyed in the SN remnant do not take into account the physical properties of the ambient medium. Here we consider how some parameters, i.e. gas density and metallicity, can influence the destruction of the interstellar dust. We show that there are two regimes of the interstellar dust grains destruction in SN remnants: rapid and almost complete in compact low-mass SN remnants expanding in dense medium, and gradual and weak destruction in massive remnants evolving in the low-dense environment. When time for thermal sputtering is close to the dynamical one, i.e. to the SN remnant age, the mass of the interstellar dust destroyed in the SN remnant reaches its maximum value. We find that change of the ambient gas density results in the reduction of the dust mass logarithmically. We argue that dust cooling suppresses the interstellar dust destruction up to a factor of 1.6 by mass. This factor decreases for higher density of the ambient medium. We found that the dust mass depends linearly on gas metallicity as ${\rm log}~M_d \sim {\rm [Z/H]}$ or, in other words, on the dust-to-gas ratio as $M_d \sim ζ_d$. In turn, the destruction efficiency is higher in low-metallicity environments due to relatively longer adiabatic phase. We point out that the mass of the interstellar dust destroyed per one SN in a high density environment of the high star formation regions like in local ultraluminous infrared and high-redshift massive galaxies is about several times smaller than that in the Milky Way diffuse medium.

We present a systematic analysis of Bell nonlocality and entanglement in $χ_{cJ}$($J=0,1,2$) decays into baryon pair($B\bar{B}$), with particular emphasis on their production via the process $e^+e^- \to ψ(2S) \to γχ_{cJ}$ at BESIII. From the baryon-antibaryon spin density matrix, we construct measurable Bell observables and concurrence, revealing a striking hierarchy of quantum correlations: $χ_{c0}$ decays exhibit maximal violation and entanglement; $χ_{c1}$ decays violate Bell inequalities for $θ_1 \in (0, π)$ with angle-modulated strength; we find that the $B\bar{B}$ pair in $χ_{c2}$ decays is in a separable state, and no indication of Bell inequality violation is observed. We provide complete analytical results for $J=0,1$ and quantitative, uncertainty-aware estimations for $J=2$ based on experimental inputs from BESIII. These results establish the $χ_{cJ}$ system produced via this radiative transition as a novel and promising platform for testing quantum entanglement and Bell nonlocality in high-energy collisions.

We consider the most general covariant gravity action up to terms that are quadratic in curvature. These can be endowed with generic form factors, which are functions of the d'Alembert operator. If they are chosen in a specific way as an exponent of an entire function, the theory becomes ghost-free and renormalizable at the price of non-locality. Furthermore, according to power-counting arguments, if these functions grow sufficiently fast along the real axis, divergences may only appear at the first order in loop expansion. Using the heat kernel technique, we compute the one-loop logarithmic divergences in the ultraviolet limit and determine the conditions under which they vanish completely, apart from the Gauss--Bonnet term and a surface term, both of which can be neglected on a four-dimensional manifold without a boundary. We identify form factors both within the Tomboulis class and beyond it that lead to vanishing logarithmic divergences. The general expression for the one-loop beta functions of the dimensionless couplings in quadratic gravity with asymptotically monomial form factors is given.

Saxl's conjecture (2012) asserts that for the staircase partition $ρ_k = (k, k-1, \ldots, 1)$, the tensor square of the corresponding irreducible representation of the symmetric group $S_{T_k}$ contains every irreducible representation as a constituent, where $T_k = k(k+1)/2$ is the $k$th triangular number. We prove this conjecture unconditionally. Our proof introduces the Staircase Minimality Theorem: among all 2-regular partitions of $T_k$, the staircase $ρ_k$ is the unique dominance-minimal element. Combined with Ikenmeyer's theorem on dominance and Kronecker positivity for staircases, this establishes that every 2-regular partition appears in the tensor square. Modular saturation then follows using only the diagonal entries $d_{μμ} = 1$ of the decomposition matrix, and the Bessenrodt--Bowman--Sutton lifting theorem completes the proof. We further prove that at triangular numbers, staircases are the only Kronecker-universal self-conjugate partitions, providing a complete characterization.

We consider a perturbed Stokes system with critical divergence-free drift in a bounded Lipschitz domain in $R^2$, with sufficiently small Lipschitz constant L. It extends our previous work in $\Bbb R^n, n\ge 3$, to two-dimensional case. For large drift in weak $L^2$ space, we prove unique existence of q-weak solutions for force in $L^q$ with q close to 2. Moreover, for drift in $L^2(\Bbb R^2)$ we prove the unique existence of $W^{1,2}$ solutions for arbitrarily large L. Using similar methods we can also prove analogous results for scalar equations with divergence-free drifts in weak $L^2$ space.

Context. The origin of the astrophysical high-energy neutrino flux remains uncertain. Core-collapse supernovae with strong CSM interaction (Type IIn) are compelling candidates for efficient hadronic acceleration and neutrino production. Aims. We investigate the possible association between the Type IIn supernova SN2025cbj and the IceCube high-energy neutrino IceCube-250421A, and assess whether the observed properties of the SN permit an appreciable neutrino yield. Methods. We combined rapid optical follow-up with LAST and archival ZTF photometry with spectroscopy from LT/SPRAT and MMT/BINOSPEC to characterize the SN evolution and CSM interaction. We estimated the explosion and peak times from early light-curve fitting, and quantified the chance-coincidence probability with resampling simulations that scramble neutrino right ascensions while preserving declinations and error contours. Using a simple post-shock-breakout interaction model in a dense wind, we estimated the expected muon-neutrino yield for IceCube real-time Bronze stream. Results. Spectra of SN2025cbj obtained after the neutrino epoch show persistent narrow Balmer lines superposed on broad Lorentzian electron-scattering wings, consistent with sustained dense-CSM interaction. For the multi-messenger association, resampling simulations against the TNS catalog give a chance-coincidence probability for observing $k \ge 1$ events of $p \simeq 0.24$ (and $p \simeq 0.078$ against the ZTF-BTS catalog). These values are sensitive to the size of the SNe and neutrino samples. A post-breakout interaction scenario predicts an expected $N_{ν_μ} \sim 10^{-3}$ events in the IceCube Bronze alert stream over 76 days per this one candidate. We discuss the implications of these numbers and possible biases that may affect these results.

We revisit the Pauli-Clifford connection to introduce a real, grade-preserving algebraic framework for $n$-qubit quantum computation based on the tensor product $C\ell_{2,0}(\mathbb{R})^{\otimes n}$. In this setting, the bivector $J = e_{12}$ satisfies $J^{2} = -1$ and supplies the complex structure on the $J$-closure of a minimal left ideal via right multiplication, while Pauli operations arise as left actions of Clifford elements. The Peirce decomposition organizes the algebra into sector blocks determined by primitive idempotents, with nilpotent elements generating transitions between sectors. Quantum states are represented as equivalence classes modulo the left annihilator, exhibiting the quotient description underlying the minimal left ideal. Adopting a canonical stabilizer mapping, the $n$-qubit computational basis state $|0\cdots 0\rangle$ is given natively by a tensor product of these idempotents. This structural choice leads to a compatibility law that is stable under the geometric product for $n$ qubits and aligns symbolic Clifford multiplication with unitary evolution on the Hilbert space.

In quantum technologies, quantum channels are essential elements for the transmission of quantum states. The action of a quantum channel usually introduces noise in the quantum state and thereby reduces the information contained in it. These are mathematically described by completely positive trace-preserving linear maps that represent the generic evolution of quantum systems and are also special cases of Hermitian-preserving trace-preserving (HPTP) linear maps. Concatenating a quantum channel with another quantum channel makes it noisier and degrades its information and resource preservability. In this work, we demonstrate a physically meaningful way to compare a pair of quantum channels using Hermitian-preserving trace-preserving linear maps. More precisely, given a pair of quantum channels and an arbitrary unknown input state, we show that if the output state of one quantum channel from the pair can be uniquely identified from the output statistics of the other channel from the pair using some quantum measurement, then the former channel from the pair can be obtained from the latter channel by concatenating it with a Hermitian-preserving trace-preserving linear map that is not necessarily positive. In such cases, the former channel may not always be obtained from the latter through post-processing. This relation between these two channels is a preorder, and we try to study its characterization in this work. Furthermore, we try to characterize the difficulty of implementing the former channel given that the latter channel has already been implemented via a quantifier, namely, physical implementability. We also illustrate the implications of our results for the incompatibility of quantum devices through an example. In short, we try to provide valuable insights about the relevance of Hermitian-preserving trace-preserving linear maps in physically motivated settings.

We report the coherent excitation of the highly forbidden $^2S_{1/2} \rightarrow {^2}F_{7/2}$ clock transition in the odd isotope $^{173}\mathrm{Yb}^+$ with nuclear spin $I = 5/2$, and reveal the hyperfine-state-dependent, nuclear spin induced quenching of this transition. The inferred lifetime of the $F_e = 4$ hyperfine state is one order of magnitude shorter than the unperturbed ${^2}F_{7/2}$ clock state of $^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^+$. This reduced lifetime lowers the required optical power for coherent excitation of the clock transition, thereby reducing the AC Stark shift caused by the clock laser. Using a 3-ion Coulomb crystal, we experimentally demonstrate an approximately 20-fold suppression of the AC Stark shift, a critical improvement for the scalability of future multi-ion $\mathrm{Yb}^+$ clocks. Furthermore, we report the $|^2S_{1/2},F_g=3\rangle~\rightarrow~|^2F_{7/2},F_e=6\rangle$ unquenched reference transition frequency as $642.11917656354(43)$ THz, along with the measured hyperfine splitting and calculated quadratic Zeeman sensitivities of the ${^2}F_{7/2}$ clock state. Our results pave the way toward multi-ion optical clocks and quantum computers based on $^{173}\mathrm{Yb}^+$.

The detection of few-photon signals in a broadband background is an extreme challenge for photon counting, requiring filtering that accepts a narrow range of optical frequencies while strongly rejecting all others. Recent work [Zarraoa et. al, Phys. Rev. Res. 6, 033338 (2024)] demonstrated that trapped single atoms can act as low dark-count narrow-band photodetectors. Here we show that this ``quantum jump photodetector'' (QJPD) approach can also detect photon-level signals embedded in strong sunlight. Using a single rubidium atom as a QJPD, we count arrivals of individual narrow-band laser photons embedded in sunlight powers of order $10^{10}$ photons/s. We derive a rate-equation model for the atom's internal-state dynamics in sunlight, and find quantitative agreement with experiment. Using this model, we calculate the channel capacity over a noisy communication channel when sending weak coherent states and detecting them in the presence of sunlight, achieving a representative rate of 0.5 bits per symbol when sending 150 probe photons per 10 ms time-bin, embedded in 1 nW of sunlight (of order $10^{10}$ photons/s in the visible and near-infrared bands). The demonstration may benefit background-limited applications such as daytime light detection and ranging (LIDAR), remote magnetometry, and free-space classical and quantum optical communications.

The Persistent Homology Transform (PHT) summarizes a shape in $\mathbb{R}^m$ by collecting persistence diagrams obtained from linear height filtrations in all directions on $\mathbb{S}^{m-1}$. It enjoys strong theoretical guarantees, including continuity, stability, and injectivity on broad classes of shapes. A natural way to compare two PHTs is to use the bottleneck distance between their diagrams as the direction varies. Prior work has either compared PHTs by sampling directions or, in 2D, computed the exact \textit{integral} of bottleneck distance over all angles via a kinetic data structure. We improve the integral objective to $\tilde O(n^5)$ in place of earlier $\tilde O(n^6)$ bound. For the \textit{max} objective, we give a $\tilde O(n^3)$ algorithm in $\mathbb{R}^2$ and a $\tilde O(n^5)$ algorithm in $\mathbb{R}^3$.

While Kronecker coefficients $g(λ,μ,ν)$ with bounded rows are polynomial-time computable via lattice-point methods, no explicit closed-form formulas have been obtained for genuinely three-row cases in the 87 years since Murnaghan's foundational work. This paper provides such formulas for the first time and identifies a universal structural boundary at parameter value 5 where elementary combinatorial patterns collapse. We analyze two independent families of genuinely three-row coefficients and establish that for $k \leq 4$, the formulas exhibit elementary structure: oscillation bounds follow the triangular-Hogben pattern, and polynomial expressions factor completely over $\mathbb{Z}$. At the critical threshold $k=5$, this structure collapses: the triangular pattern fails, and algebraic obstructions -- irreducible quadratic factors with negative discriminant -- emerge. We develop integer forcing, a proof technique exploiting the tension between continuous asymptotics and discrete integrality. As concrete results, we prove that $g((n,n,1)^3) = 2 - (n \mod 2)$ for all $n \geq 3$ -- the first explicit formula for a genuinely three-row Kronecker coefficient -- derive five explicit polynomial formulas for staircase-hook coefficients, and verify Saxl's conjecture for 132 three-row partitions.