We study the large-$N$ behavior of random matrix tuples $Y^N = (Y_1^N,\dots,Y_d^N)$ with joint density proportional to $e^{-N^2 V}$ for some convex function $V$ in non-commuting variables satisfying certain bounds on its second derivative. We give an asymptotic expansion in powers of $1/N^2$ of the trace of noncommutative smooth functions of $Y^N$. We also give an asymptotic expansion for a family of maps $T^N$ that transport the law of a tuple of independent GUE random matrices to the law of $Y^N$ and, as a consequence, show strong convergence for the multimatrix models $Y^N$. Our proof is based on an asymptotic expansion for the heat semigroup associated to the measure, which is expressed in terms of smooth functions of a matrix Brownian motion $(S^{N}_t)_{t \geq 0}$. We introduce spaces of noncommutative smooth functions that unify and generalize the cases of polynomials and single-variable smooth functions and allow the systematic application of asymptotic expansion techniques to multimatrix models with convex interaction.

We present a physically motivated spectral energy distribution (SED) modelling framework for deriving stellar and circumstellar disc parameters from broadband photometry. The model combines a parametrized disc structure, dust opacity, and interstellar extinction within a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inference scheme, allowing correlated parameters to be constrained self-consistently. Initial parameter estimates are obtained via non-linear least-squares fitting and subsequently refined through MCMC sampling. The method is first validated using the well-studied debris disc system 49 Cet, for which the model successfully reproduces key literature properties. It is then applied to the previously uncharacterised young stellar object (YSO) candidate 2MASS J02512618+6012576, using photometric measurements compiled from multiple surveys. The resulting fit indicates a late-type pre-main-sequence star surrounded by a substantial circumstellar disc consistent with a moderately embedded Class II object. We further assess the sensitivity of the inferred parameters to the adopted extinction law and find that the high reddening required by the model is robust against variations in $R_V$. This work demonstrates that physically meaningful constraints on disc structure can be obtained from broadband SED modelling when extinction and distance are treated within a statistically consistent framework.

Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) was recently observed in photo-excited donor-chiral bridge-acceptor molecules, but a predictive theory able to explain available experiments is still lacking. Here we show that low-energy torsional modes modulating hopping and spin-orbit coupling give rise to a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction between the transferred electron and the one sitting on the donor, producing high spin polarization for perfectly realistic parameters. Our model introduces a low energy scale in the spin dynamics which explains the magnetic field dependence observed in EPR measurements and predicts a non-trivial temperature dependence, as demonstrated by numerical simulations. The present theory lays the foundations for future test-bed experiments and for the design of applications in spintronics and quantum technologies.

Generalized reciprocity -- the tendency to help others after receiving help oneself -- is widely theorized as a mechanism sustaining cooperation on online knowledge-sharing platforms. Yet robust empirical evidence from field settings remains surprisingly scarce. Prior studies relying on survey self-reports struggle to distinguish reciprocity from other prosocial motives, while observational designs confound reciprocity with baseline user activity, producing upward-biased estimates. We address these empirical challenges by developing a matched difference-in-differences survival analysis that leverages the temporal structure of help-seeking and help-giving on Stack Overflow. Using Cox proportional hazards models on over 21 million questions, we find that receiving an answer significantly increases a user's propensity to help others, but this effect is concentrated among newcomers and declines with platform experience. This pattern suggests that reciprocity functions primarily as a contributor-recruitment mechanism, operating before platform-specific incentives such as reputation and status displace the general moral impulse to reciprocate. Response time moderates the effect, but non-linearly: reciprocity peaks for answers arriving within a re-engagement window of roughly thirty to sixty minutes. These findings contribute to the theory of generalized reciprocity and have implications for platform design.

Hypervolatile species such as carbon monoxide (CO) and molecular nitrogen (N2) have been detected in comets, and could be used to constrain comet formation temperature conditions if their presence is due to freeze-out and/or entrapment. Here we instead explore another plausible origin of cometary hypervolatiles: photodissociation of less volatile species. We characterize CO and N2 formation following ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and electron bombardment of carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), H2O:CO2, H2O:NH3, and H2O:CO2:NH3 cometary ice analogs. We find that CO and N2 form in all photoprocessed ices at temperatures between 10 K and 100 K, resulting in 0.4-0.9 % CO and 0.03-0.7 % N2 relative to water, and CO/CO2 and N2/NH3 mixing ratios of 2.5-62 % and 0.7-9 %, respectively, across the experiments. Because our initial ices are reasonably well-matched to interstellar ices and we use UV exposure similar to a dark cloud, we can compare the resulting ratios directly to cometary abundances. Such a comparison shows that while only a few of CO observations in comets are readily explained by photodissociation, almost all observed cometary N2 can be accounted for by photodissociation of NH3 embedded in water ice. The latter result is also consistent with observed similarly elevated isotopic ratios of N2 and NH3 in 67P. Taken together, our results suggest that N2/H2O ratios less than 1 % should be used cautiously when inferring a comet's formation location, while the more substantial CO abundances seen in many comets do likely imply entrapment at low ice temperatures.

We revisit the derivation of the Rhoades-Ruffini bound on the upper limit for the maximum mass of neutron stars and find that the assumption made there for the onset of an ultimately stiff phase of high-density matter is not stringent. Relaxing this assumption and allowing for an onset of stiff non-nucleonic matter under neutron star constraints at the saturation density or below boost the upper limit of the theoretically possible maximum mass to $4~M_\odot$ or higher, in the mass-gap region between neutron stars and stellar-mass black holes. We provide a fit formula for the dependence of this upper limit on the speed of sound and the onset density of the deconfinement transition.

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly regarded as having the potential to generate persuasive content at scale. While previous studies have focused on the risks associated with LLM-generated misinformation, the role of LLMs in enabling prosocial persuasion is still underexplored. We investigate whether donation appeals authored by LLMs are as effective as those written by humans across degrees of personalization. Two preregistered online experiments (Study 1: N = 658; Study 2: N = 642) manipulated Personalization (generic vs. personalized vs. falsely personalized) and Content source (human vs. LLM) and presented participants with donation appeals for charities. We assessed how participants distributed their bonus money across the charities, how they engaged with the donation appeals, and how persuasive they found them. In both experiments, LLM-generated content yielded more donations, resulted in higher engagement, and was rated as more persuasive than human-authored content. There was a gain associated with personalization (Study 2) and a penalty for false personalization (Study 1). Our results suggest that LLMs may be a suitable technology for generating content that can encourage prosocial behavior.

Autonomous coding agents are generating code at an unprecedented scale, with OpenAI Codex alone creating over 400,000 pull requests (PRs) in two months. As agentic PR volumes increase, code review agents (CRAs) have become routine gatekeepers in development workflows. Industry reports claim that CRAs can manage 80% of PRs in open source repositories without human involvement. As a result, understanding the effectiveness of CRA reviews is crucial for maintaining developmental workflows and preventing wasted effort on abandoned pull requests. However, empirical evidence on how CRA feedback quality affects PR outcomes remains limited. The goal of this paper is to help researchers and practitioners understand when and how CRAs influence PR merge success by empirically analyzing reviewer composition and the signal quality of CRA-generated comments. From AIDev's 19,450 PRs, we analyze 3,109 unique PRs in the commented review state, comparing human-only versus CRA-only reviews. We examine 98 closed CRA-only PRs to assess whether low signal-to-noise ratios contribute to abandonment. CRA-only PRs achieve a 45.20% merge rate, 23.17 percentage points lower than human-only PRs (68.37%), with significantly higher abandonment. Our signal-to-noise analysis reveals that 60.2% of closed CRA-only PRs fall into the 0-30% signal range, and 12 of 13 CRAs exhibit average signal ratios below 60%, indicating substantial noise in automated review feedback. These findings suggest that CRAs without human oversight often generate low-signal feedback associated with higher abandonment. For practitioners, our results indicate that CRAs should augment rather than replace human reviewers and that human involvement remains critical for effective and actionable code review.

We study Frobenius algebras of operator fields and introduce a novel notion of duality for them. We show that, under the assumption that the operator fields forming the Frobenius algebra are mutual symmetries, the operator fields in the dual Frobenius algebra are also mutual symmetries. This result allows one to construct new infinite-dimensional integrable systems of hydrodynamic type starting from a given one. As the main application, we solve the long-standing Eisenhart--Stäckel problem for any Segre characteristic and in arbitrary dimension: namely, we describe all nondegenerate finite-dimensional integrable systems whose integrals are quadratic in momenta such that the corresponding $(1,1)$-tensors commute as operator fields.

Let $M$ be the $n$-square matrix partitioned into $\ell^2$ blocks $b_{ij}$ according to some partition $P=\{C_{1},\dots,C_{\ell}\}$ of index set $\{1,\dots,n\}$. The quotient matrix $Q=(q_{ij})$ is a $k$-square matrix, with $\ell \leq k \leq n-1$, where $(ij)$-th entry is the average row sum (or column sum) of the corresponding block $b_{ij}$ in $M$. The partition $P$ is said to be \emph{equitable} if row sum of each block $b_{ij}$ is constant. In this case, the matrix $Q$ is referred to as the \emph{equitable quotient matrix} of $M$, and the spectrum of $Q$ is the subset of the spectrum of parent matrix $M$. We characterize some classes of matrices such that their equitable quotient matrix $Q$ contains all the distinct eigenvalues of $M$, thereby information can be obtained form the smallest matrix $Q$ without actually analyzing the parent matrix $M.$ We present necessary and the sufficient conditions for distinct eigenvalue of $M$ contained in the spectrum of of $Q$ in terms of eigenspaces. We end up article with some applications, where distinct eigenvalues of a parent matrix can be completely encoded by quotient matrix.

We investigate singularity formation in the regularized Saint--Venant (rSV) equations, a conservative, non-dispersive shallow water system that is formally regarded as a Hamiltonian regularization of the isentropic Euler equations. While it is known that smooth solutions to the rSV system can develop gradient blow-up in finite time, the precise structure of such singularities has not been rigorously characterized. In this work, we establish stability of self-similar blow-up profiles of the Hunter--Saxton equation within the rSV framework, using a nonlinear bootstrap argument in dynamically rescaled coordinates. Our analysis captures the detailed space-time dynamics of solutions near the singularity, and proves their sharp $C^{3/5}$ Hölder regularity at the singular time. This regularity differs from the $C^{1/3}$ Hölder regularity of the cubic-root singularities found in the compressible Euler and inviscid Burgers equations. This contrast highlights the structural influence of the Hamiltonian regularization on singularity formation. To illuminate this effect, we also show that the same $C^{3/5}$ blow-up profile emerges in the regularized Burgers equation, a scalar analogue of the rSV system.

Spiking neural networks encode information in spike timing and offer a pathway toward energy efficient artificial intelligence. However, a key challenge in spiking neural networks is realizing nonlinear and expressive computation in compact, energy-efficient hardware without relying on additional circuit complexity. In this work, we examine nonlinear computation in a CMOS+X spiking neuron implemented with a magnetic tunnel junction connected in series with an NMOS transistor. Circuit simulations of a multilayer network solving the XOR classification problem show that three intrinsic neuronal properties enable nonlinear behavior: threshold activation, response latency, and absolute refraction. Threshold activation determines which neurons participate in computation, response latency shifts spike timing, and absolute refraction suppresses subsequent spikes. These results show that magnetization dynamics of MTJ devices can support nonlinear computation in compact neuromorphic hardware.

Neural network based methods have emerged as a promising paradigm for scientific computing, yet they face critical bottlenecks in high frequency function approximation and partial differential equation (PDE) solving.

We calculate the one-point functions of the marginal operator $\mathcal{L}'$ dual to the space-varying dilaton in 4D and 2D holographic Janus interfaces, extending results in arXiv:hep-th/0407073. We compare strongly-coupled supergravity and weakly-coupled CFT limits across $\mathcal{N}=0, 1, 2, 4$ holographic Janus interfaces in 4D SYM, and $\mathcal{N}=0, 4$ Janus interfaces for 2D D1-D5 CFT. Exact agreement between these regimes occurs only for the half-BPS interfaces in both 4D and 2D cases, while for other interfaces they agree to first order of the jump parameter. This result reinforces that exact weak/strong coupling matching for interface observables on supersymmetric (SUSY) conformal manifolds is exclusive to maximally SUSY interfaces.

Contact processes play an important role in classical non-equilibrium dynamics, describing the spreading of diseases, the dynamics of earthquakes and forest fires, and the distribution of information through the internet. Here we show that their quantum counterpart, where the spreading occurs through coherent couplings, displays even richer dynamics and offers new means of control. A quantum contact process on a topologically non-trivial lattice can be confined to a protected subspace corresponding to either a single site or a fully excited lattice. Furthermore, excitation spreading can be controlled to occur in quantized steps and on demand when employing topological pumps. We show that the many-body dynamics of excited domains can be mapped to an effective single-particle model, which also determines the topological properties. Throughout this work, we consider a specific type of contact process corresponding to coherent Rydberg facilitation in a tweezer array of trapped atoms in a one-dimensional lattice.

Altermagnets, recently proposed as a third category of collinear magnets, combine the features of zero net magnetization in antiferromagnets and the spin splitting in ferromagnets. While abundant spectroscopic evidence for altermagnetism has been reported, experimental observation of the anomalous Hall effect, a hallmark of ferromagnetism, remains scarce. Here, we present systematic measurements of the thermal Hall effect in two representative altermagnet candidates, MnTe and CrSb. In both materials, we observe a pronounced anomalous phonon thermal Hall signal, with no electrical counterpart observed, attributed to the coupling of this distinctive magnetic structure with phonons. Our findings establish the anomalous phonon thermal Hall effect as an intrinsic feature of altermagnets, and provide a sensitive probe to identify this new kind of quantum magnets.

We study worst-case signal compression under an $\ell^2$ energy constraint, with coordinate-dependent quantization precisions. The compression problem is reduced to counting lattice points in a diagonal ellipsoid. Under balanced precision profiles, we obtain explicit, dimension-dependent upper bounds on the logarithmic codebook size. The analysis refines Landau's classical lattice point estimates using uniform Bessel bounds due to Olenko and explicit Abel summation.

Open-shell lanthanide atoms, and dysprosium in particular, combine a large ground-state angular momentum with dense electronic spectra, making their dynamical polarizability strongly dependent on wavelength and internal state and therefore particularly challenging to characterize accurately. This issue has become especially relevant with the recent development of single-atom trapping of dysprosium in optical-tweezer arrays, where precise knowledge of the polarizability is needed to design optimized trapping architectures. Here, we exploit the strong spin-dependent light shift near the $J'=J-1$ intercombination line at 530.306 nm to determine the background scalar and vector polarizabilities of $^{162}$Dy in its ground state near this wavelength. Our measurements quantitatively agree with atomic-structure calculations and provide new insight into the contributions of nearby transitions in a spectral region relevant to emerging dysprosium tweezer platforms.

In this work, I focus on a coupled system of nonlinear Choquard equations in dimension 4, characterized by critical nonlocal nonlinearities and a small repulsive interspecies interaction. I prove the existence of a new class of multi-bubble segregated solutions. Specifically, I construct solutions where the first component concentrates as a radial positive ground state, while the second component exhibits a blow-up behaviour, concentrating at k points arranged as the vertices of a regular polygon. The proof relies on a sophisticated finite-dimensional reduction method, bridging the gap between the theory of competitive systems and critical nonlocal equations. My results show that the presence of nonlocal terms preserves the qualitative segregation patterns typically observed in local Schrodinger systems.

Let $X$ be an integrable real random variable with mean zero and two-sided sub-Gaussian tail $\mathbb{P}(|X|>t)\le 2e^{-t^{2}/2}$ for all $t\ge 0$. We determine the smallest constant $c_\star$ such that $X$ is dominated in convex order by $c_\star G$, where $G$ is standard normal. Equivalently, $c_\star^2$ is the sharp one-dimensional convex sub-Gaussian comparison constant appearing in the \emph{Optimization Constants in Mathematics} repository~\cite{optimization-constants-repo}. We show that $c_\star$ is given by an explicit system of one-dimensional equations and is attained by an extremal distribution that saturates the tail constraint. Numerically, $c_\star \approx 2.30952$ (so $c_\star^2 \approx 5.33386$). We also determine the analogous sharp constant under a two-sided sub-exponential tail bound, with convex domination by a scaled Laplace law. Finally, we record two higher-dimensional consequences: a sequential tensorization principle for multivariate convex domination, and a dimension-free Gaussian comparator for the cone generated by convex ridge functions (the linear convex order).

We show the existence of planar domains with one hole for which the first non-trivial Neumann eigenfunction has a closed nodal line fully contained inside the domain. This is optimal, as it is known since Pleijel's 1956 result that the nodal line cannot be closed on simply-connected planar domains. A part of the proof is based on the study of convergence of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of graph-like domains towards metric graphs. We improve the known results of convergence of eigenfunctions, by showing a strong transversal convergence.

In this paper, we develop a characteristic set (CS)-based method for deriving full-rank equivalence conditions of symbolic matrices over the binary field. Such full-rank conditions are of fundamental importance for many linear coding problems in communication and information theory. Building on the developed CS-based method, we present an algorithm called Binary Characteristic Set for Full Rank (BCSFR), which efficiently derives the full-rank equivalence conditions as the zeros of a series of characteristic sets. In other words, the BCSFR algorithm can characterize all feasible linear coding schemes for certain linear coding problems (e.g., linear network coding and distributed storage coding), where full-rank constraints are imposed on several symbolic matrices to guarantee decodability or other properties of the codes. The derived equivalence conditions can be used to simplify the optimization of coding schemes, since the intractable full-rank constraints in the optimization problem are explicitly characterized by simple triangular-form equality constraints.

The redshift drift provides a kinematic test of the cosmic expansion history through the slow time variation of the redshift of comoving sources. Motivated by the expected Sandage-Loeb measurements from future facilities, we investigate the drift within a cosmographic framework, modeling the Hubble rate through both a second-order Taylor expansion and a $(2,1)$ Padé approximant. We constrain the cosmographic parameters $(H_0,q_0,j_0)$ by combining Pantheon+ and SH0ES type Ia supernovae with gamma-ray bursts and then examine the impact of adding baryon acoustic oscillation measurements from the second DESI data release. The resulting constraints are used to construct a mock Sandage-Loeb catalog, after which the analyses are repeated including the simulated drift data. In this way, we assess the internal consistency of the reconstructed background rather than perform an independent forecast. Accordingly, we find that, for the SNeIa+GRB analysis, the Taylor reconstruction is compatible at the $1σ$ level with the $ω_0ω_1$CDM scenario, whereas the Padé parameterization improves the agreement of $q_0$ with the $Λ$CDM paradigm. Once DESI BAO data are included, the agreement with the reference background models weakens to the $2σ$ level. The addition of the mock Sandage-Loeb sample mainly tightens the bounds on $q_0$ and $j_0$, with moderate shifts in the central values. We finally compare the reconstructed redshift drift with the corresponding behavior predicted by the $Λ$CDM and $ω_0ω_1$CDM scenarios.

This study examines travelers' preferences for electric flying taxi services in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) under varying travel conditions and service configurations. A stated preference (SP) survey of 213 respondents was conducted to analyze behavior across multiple transport alternatives, including private vehicles, public transport, ground taxis, and both shared and exclusive flying taxi services. The analysis considered key attributes such as travel time and cost, along with contextual factors including travel distance, congestion conditions, day of travel, and trip purpose. In addition, follow-up questions were used to capture the underlying reasons for mode choice and to assess potential modal shifts under changes in travel conditions. The results show that flying taxi services account for 22.6% of total responses, with higher shares under congested conditions and declining shares as travel distance increases. Clear differences are observed between shared and exclusive services. Shared flying taxis achieve higher modal shares and exhibit greater responsiveness to travel conditions, particularly at moderate distances, during weekdays, and for leisure trips. In contrast, exclusive flying taxis maintain lower modal shares, decline with increasing travel distance, and are more associated with business and weekend travel. The modal shift analysis further indicates that ground taxi users exhibit the highest propensity to switch to shared flying taxi services, particularly under cost increases. These findings highlight the importance of pricing and service design in promoting the adoption of shared flying taxi services as a more sustainable mobility option. In particular, maintaining affordable shared services, ensuring clear price differentiation from exclusive services, and prioritizing deployment in congested corridors and medium-distance travel markets can enhance adoption.

We describe the semigroup of the Lipschitz saturation of a complex analytic toric singularity in arbitrary dimension. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a monomial in the normalization to belong to the Lipschitz saturation, in terms of Newton polyhedra and lattice conditions, and deduce a finite algorithm to compute it. We also show that, in dimension greater than two, Campillo's notion of presaturation differs from the Lipschitz saturation, even for complex singularities.

The potential association between gravitational waves (GWs) and fast radio bursts (FRBs) offers a unique multi-messenger probe for cosmology. In this paper, we develop a redshift-independent framework to constrain cosmological parameters using the luminosity distance - dispersion measure relation, accounting for realistic astrophysical uncertainties. We perform a comprehensive comparative analysis across different GWs detector sensitivities and modeling assumptions. Specifically, we investigate the performance of the current LIGO-Virgo (LV) network (at $z < 0.2$) versus the future Cosmic Explorer (CE). Our study further evaluates the impact of different dispersion measure (DM) distributions -- specifically the corrected Macquart's PDF (Zhuge+2025) and the log-normal distribution -- and explores the influence of including or excluding host galaxy DM contributions. Using realistic simulated observations, we find that while the current LV network lacks the precision to provide meaningful constraints, CE will enable high-precision cosmology. Even without spectroscopic redshifts, CE observations can effectively break parameter degeneracies and robustly constrain both cosmology and host galaxy parameters. These results highlight the necessity of next-generation detectors.

We prove a motivic version of the Poisson formula on the adelic points of a split algebraic torus and apply it to the study of the motivic height zeta function of split projective toric varieties, in the context of the motivic Manin-Peyre principle.

Using our previous work we give a tropical formula for disk potentials for Lagrangian tori in almost toric four-manifolds, that is, fibrations by Lagrangian tori with only toric and focus-focus singularities, generalizing results of Mikhalkin for holomorphic spheres in the projective plane. As examples, we directly compute potentials for Lagrangian tori in del Pezzo surfaces equipped with monotone symplectic forms. These formulas were established in the monotone case by different methods in Pascaleff-Tonkonog, and investigated from the point of view of the Gross-Siebert program in Carl-Pumperla-Siebert, Bardwell-Evans--Cheung--Hong--Lin and also Lau-Lee-Lin.

Dynamic fading channels are modeled at two fundamentally different levels of abstraction. At the physical layer, the standard representation is a correlated Gaussian process, such as the dB-domain signal power in log-normal shadow fading. At the link layer, the dominant abstraction is the Gilbert-Elliott (GE) two-state Markov chain, which compresses the channel into a binary ``decodable or not'' sequence with temporal memory. Both models are ubiquitous, yet practitioners who need GE parameters from an underlying Gaussian fading model must typically simulate the mapping or invoke continuous-time level-crossing approximations that do not yield discrete-slot transition probabilities in closed form. This paper provides an exact, closed-form bridge. By thresholding the Gaussian process at discrete slot boundaries, we derive the GE transition probabilities via Owen's $T$-function for any threshold, reducing to an elementary arcsine identity when the threshold equals the mean. The formulas depend on the covariance kernel only through the one-step correlation coefficient $ρ= K(D)/K(0)$, making them applicable to any stationary Gaussian fading model. The bridge reveals how kernel smoothness governs the resulting link-layer dynamics: the GE persistence time grows linearly in the correlation length $T_c$ for a smooth (squared-exponential) kernel but only as $\sqrt{T_c}$ for a rough (exponential/Ornstein--Uhlenbeck) kernel. We further quantify when the first-order GE chain is a faithful approximation of the full binary process and when it is not, reconciling two diagnostics, the one-step Markov gap and the run-length total-variation distance, that can trend in opposite directions. Monte Carlo simulations validate all theoretical predictions.

Entropy stable discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods display improved robustness for problems with shocks, turbulence, and under-resolved features by enforcing an entropy inequality. Such methods have traditionally relied on entropy conservative (EC) fluxes that are computationally expensive to evaluate. An alternative approach for enforcing an entropy inequality is through a minimally dissipative ``entropy correction" artificial viscosity. We review how to construct such an artificial viscosity formulation and extend this approach to multiple types of viscosity (e.g., viscosity and thermal diffusivity). We determine simple analytical expressions for optimal viscosity parameters. We compare this to the case of a single monolithic viscosity parameter for different 1D and 2D problems, and show that the proposed method allows users to more precisely target specific physical phenomena while retaining robustness for general problem settings.