Understanding how Large Language Models (LLMs) process information from prompts remains a significant challenge. To shed light on this "black box," attention visualization techniques have been developed to capture neuron-level perceptions and interpret how models focus on different parts of input data. However, many existing techniques are tailored to specific model architectures, particularly within the Transformer family, and often require backpropagation, resulting in nearly double the GPU memory usage and increased computational cost. A lightweight, model-agnostic approach for attention visualization remains lacking. In this paper, we introduce a model-agnostic token importance visualization technique to better understand how generative AI systems perceive and prioritize information from input text, without incurring additional computational cost. Our method leverages perturbation-based strategies combined with a three-matrix analytical framework to generate relevance maps that illustrate token-level contributions to model predictions. The framework comprises: (1) the Angular Deviation Matrix, which captures shifts in semantic direction; (2) the Magnitude Deviation Matrix, which measures changes in semantic intensity; and (3) the Dimensional Importance Matrix, which evaluates contributions across individual vector dimensions. By systematically removing each token and measuring the resulting impact across these three complementary dimensions, we derive a composite importance score that provides a nuanced and mathematically grounded measure of token significance. To support reproducibility and foster wider adoption, we provide open-source implementations of all proposed and utilized explainability techniques, with code and resources publicly available at https://github.com/Infosys/Infosys-Responsible-AI-Toolkit

Conventional hypernetworks are typically engineered around a specific base-model parameterization, so changing the target architecture often entails redesigning the hypernetwork and retraining it from scratch. We introduce the \emph{Universal Hypernetwork} (UHN), a fixed-architecture generator that predicts weights from deterministic parameter, architecture, and task descriptors. This descriptor-based formulation decouples the generator architecture from target-network parameterization, so one generator can instantiate heterogeneous models across the tested architecture and task families. Our empirical claims are threefold: (1) one fixed UHN remains competitive with direct training across vision, graph, text, and formula-regression benchmarks; (2) the same UHN supports both multi-model generalization within a family and multi-task learning across heterogeneous models; and (3) UHN enables stable recursive generation with up to three intermediate generated UHNs before the final base model. Our code is available at https://github.com/Xuanfeng-Zhou/UHN.

End-to-end speech Named Entity Recognition (NER) aims to directly extract entities from speech. Prior work has shown that end-to-end (E2E) approaches can outperform cascaded pipelines for English, French, and Chinese, but Arabic remains under-explored due to its morphological complexity, the absence of short vowels, and limited annotated resources. We introduce CV-18 NER, the first publicly available dataset for NER from Arabic speech, created by augmenting the Arabic Common Voice 18 corpus with manual NER annotations following the fine-grained Wojood schema (21 entity types). We benchmark both pipeline systems (ASR + text NER) and E2E models based on Whisper and AraBEST-RQ. E2E systems substantially outperform the best pipeline configuration on the test set, reaching 37.0% CoER (AraBEST-RQ 300M) and 38.0% CVER (Whisper-medium). Further analysis shows that Arabic-specific self-supervised pretraining yields strong ASR performance, while multilingual weak supervision transfers more effectively to joint speech-to-entity learning, and that larger models may be harder to adapt in this low-resource setting. Our dataset and models are publicly released, providing the first open benchmark for end-to-end named entity recognition from Arabic speech https://huggingface.co/datasets/Elyadata/CV18-NER.

Background: Accurate translation of radiology reports is important for multilingual research, clinical communication, and radiology education, but the validity of LLM-based evaluation remains unclear. Objective: To evaluate the educational suitability of LLM-generated Japanese translations of chest CT reports and compare radiologist assessments with LLM-as-a-judge evaluations. Methods: We analyzed 150 chest CT reports from the CT-RATE-JPN validation set. For each English report, a human-edited Japanese translation was compared with an LLM-generated translation by DeepSeek-V3.2. A board-certified radiologist and a radiology resident independently performed blinded pairwise evaluations across 4 criteria: terminology accuracy, readability, overall quality, and radiologist-style authenticity. In parallel, 3 LLM judges (DeepSeek-V3.2, Mistral Large 3, and GPT-5) evaluated the same pairs. Agreement was assessed using QWK and percentage agreement. Results: Agreement between radiologists and LLM judges was near zero (QWK=-0.04 to 0.15). Agreement between the 2 radiologists was also poor (QWK=0.01 to 0.06). Radiologist 1 rated terminology as equivalent in 59% of cases and favored the LLM translation for readability (51%) and overall quality (51%). Radiologist 2 rated readability as equivalent in 75% of cases and favored the human-edited translation for overall quality (40% vs 21%). All 3 LLM judges strongly favored the LLM translation across all criteria (70%-99%) and rated it as more radiologist-like in >93% of cases. Conclusions: LLM-generated translations were often judged natural and fluent, but the 2 radiologists differed substantially. LLM-as-a-judge showed strong preference for LLM output and negligible agreement with radiologists. For educational use of translated radiology reports, automated LLM-based evaluation alone is insufficient; expert radiologist review remains important.

Accurate shape and trajectory estimation of dynamic objects is essential for reliable automated driving. Classical Bayesian extended-object models offer theoretical robustness and efficiency but depend on completeness of a-priori and update-likelihood functions, while deep learning methods bring adaptability at the cost of dense annotations and high compute. We bridge these strengths with LEO (Learned Extension of Objects), a spatio-temporal Graph Attention Network that fuses multi-modal production-grade sensor tracks to learn adaptive fusion weights, ensure temporal consistency, and represent multi-scale shapes. Using a task-specific parallelogram ground-truth formulation, LEO models complex geometries (e.g. articulated trucks and trailers) and generalizes across sensor types, configurations, object classes, and regions, remaining robust for challenging and long-range targets. Evaluations on the Mercedes-Benz DRIVE PILOT SAE L3 dataset demonstrate real-time computational efficiency suitable for production systems; additional validation on public datasets such as View of Delft (VoD) further confirms cross-dataset generalization.

The benefits of depth in feedforward neural networks are well known: composing multiple layers of linear transformations with nonlinear activations enables complex computations. While similar effects are expected in recurrent neural networks (RNNs), it remains unclear how depth interacts with recurrence to shape expressive power. Here, we formally show that depth increases RNNs' memory capacity efficiently with respect to the number of parameters, thus enhancing expressivity both by enabling more complex input transformations and improving the retention of past information. We broaden our analysis to 2RNNs, a generalization of RNNs with multiplicative interactions between inputs and hidden states. Unlike RNNs, which remain linear without nonlinear activations, 2RNNs perform polynomial transformations whose maximal degree grows with depth. We further show that multiplicative interactions cannot, in general, be replaced by layerwise nonlinearities. Finally, we validate these insights empirically on synthetic and real-world tasks.

Talent recruitment is a critical, yet costly process for many industries, with high recruitment costs and long hiring cycles. Existing talent recommendation systems increasingly adopt large language models (LLMs) due to their remarkable language understanding capabilities. However, most prior approaches follow a pointwise paradigm, which requires LLMs to repeatedly process some text and fails to capture the relationships among candidates in the list, resulting in higher token consumption and suboptimal recommendations. Besides, LLMs exhibit position bias and the lost-in-the-middle issue when answering multiple-choice questions and processing multiple long documents. To address these issues, we introduce an implicit strategy to utilize LLM's potential output for the recommendation task and propose L3TR, a novel framework for listwise talent recommendation with LLMs. In this framework, we propose a block attention mechanism and a local positional encoding method to enhance inter-document processing and mitigate the position bias and concurrent token bias issue. We also introduce an ID sampling method for resolving the inconsistency between candidate set sizes in the training phase and the inference phase. We design evaluation methods to detect position bias and token bias and training-free debiasing methods. Extensive experiments on two real-world datasets validated the effectiveness of L3TR, showing consistent improvements over existing baselines.

While Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers transformative potential for operational performance, its deployment in safety-critical domains such as aviation requires strict adherence to rigorous certification standards. Current EASA guidelines mandate demonstrating complete coverage of the AI/ML constituent's Operational Design Domain (ODD) -- a requirement that demands proof that no critical gaps exist within defined operational boundaries. However, as systems operate within high-dimensional parameter spaces, existing methods struggle to provide the scalability and formal grounding necessary to satisfy the completeness criterion. Currently, no standardized engineering method exists to bridge the gap between abstract ODD definitions and verifiable evidence. This paper addresses this void by proposing a method that integrates parameter discretization, constraint-based filtering, and criticality-based dimension reduction into a structured, multi-step ODD coverage verification process. Grounded in gathered simulation data from prior research on AI-based mid-air collision avoidance research, this work demonstrates a systematic engineering approach to defining and achieving coverage metrics that satisfy EASA's demand for completeness. Ultimately, this method enables the validation of ODD coverage in higher dimensions, advancing a Safety-by-Design approach while complying with EASA's standards.

Retrieval-Augmented Language Models (RALMs) have demonstrated significant potential in knowledge-intensive tasks; however, they remain vulnerable to performance degradation when presented with irrelevant or noisy retrieved contexts. Existing approaches to enhance robustness typically operate via coarse-grained parameter updates at the layer or module level, often overlooking the inherent neuron-level sparsity of Large Language Models (LLMs). To address this limitation, we propose Neuro-RIT (Neuron-guided Robust Instruction Tuning), a novel framework that shifts the paradigm from dense adaptation to precision-driven neuron alignment. Our method explicitly disentangles neurons that are responsible for processing relevant versus irrelevant contexts using attribution-based neuron mining. Subsequently, we introduce a two-stage instruction tuning strategy that enforces a dual capability for noise robustness: achieving direct noise suppression by functionally deactivating neurons exclusive to irrelevant contexts, while simultaneously optimizing targeted layers for evidence distillation. Extensive experiments across diverse QA benchmarks demonstrate that Neuro-RIT consistently outperforms strong baselines and robustness-enhancing methods.

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have recently emerged in autonomous driving, with the promise of leveraging rich world knowledge to improve the cognitive capabilities of driving systems. However, adapting such models for driving tasks currently faces a critical dilemma between spatial perception and semantic reasoning. Consequently, existing VLA systems are forced into suboptimal compromises: directly adopting 2D Vision-Language Models yields limited spatial perception, whereas enhancing them with 3D spatial representations often impairs the native reasoning capacity of VLMs. We argue that this dilemma largely stems from the coupled optimization of spatial perception and semantic reasoning within shared model parameters. To overcome this, we propose UniDriveVLA, a Unified Driving Vision-Language-Action model based on Mixture-of-Transformers that addresses the perception-reasoning conflict via expert decoupling. Specifically, it comprises three experts for driving understanding, scene perception, and action planning, which are coordinated through masked joint attention. In addition, we combine a sparse perception paradigm with a three-stage progressive training strategy to improve spatial perception while maintaining semantic reasoning capability. Extensive experiments show that UniDriveVLA achieves state-of-the-art performance in open-loop evaluation on nuScenes and closed-loop evaluation on Bench2Drive. Moreover, it demonstrates strong performance across a broad range of perception, prediction, and understanding tasks, including 3D detection, online mapping, motion forecasting, and driving-oriented VQA, highlighting its broad applicability as a unified model for autonomous driving. Code and model have been released at https://github.com/xiaomi-research/unidrivevla

This paper presents a lightweight, end-to-end highway lane detection architecture that jointly captures spatial and temporal information for robust performance in real-world driving scenarios. Building on the strengths of 3D convolutional neural networks and instance segmentation, we propose two models that integrate a 3D-ResNet encoder with a Point Instance Network (PINet) decoder. The first model enhances multi-scale feature representation using a Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) and Self-Attention mechanism to refine spatial dependencies. The second model introduces a Region of Interest (ROI) detection head to selectively focus on lane-relevant regions, thereby improving precision and reducing computational complexity. Experiments conducted on the TuSimple dataset (highway driving scenarios) demonstrate that the proposed second model achieves 93.40% accuracy while significantly reducing false negatives. Compared to existing 2D and 3D baselines, our approach achieves improved performance with fewer parameters and reduced latency. The architecture has been validated through offline training and real-time inference in the Autonomous Systems Laboratory at City, St George's University of London. These results suggest that the proposed models are well-suited for integration into Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), with potential scalability toward full Lane Assist Systems (LAS).

This challenge tackles multi-label classification for known chest X-ray (CXR) lesions and zero-shot classification for unseen ones. To handle diverse CXR projections, we integrate projection-specific models via a classification network into a unified framework. For zero-shot classification (Task 2), we extend CheXzero with a novel dual-branch architecture that combines contrastive learning, Asymmetric Loss (ASL), and LLM-generated descriptive prompts. This effectively mitigates severe long-tail imbalances and maximizes zero-shot generalization. Additionally, strong data and test-time augmentations (TTA) ensure robustness across both tasks.

Transformer-based architectures have become the shared backbone of natural language processing and computer vision. However, understanding how these models operate remains challenging, particularly in vision settings, where images are processed as sequences of patch tokens. Existing interpretability tools often focus on isolated components or expert-oriented analysis, leaving a gap in guided, end-to-end understanding of the full inference pipeline. To bridge this gap, we present ViT-Explainer, a web-based interactive system that provides an integrated visualization of Vision Transformer inference, from patch tokenization to final classification. The system combines animated walkthroughs, patch-level attention overlays, and a vision-adapted Logit Lens within both guided and free exploration modes. A user study with six participants suggests that ViT-Explainer is easy to learn and use, helping users interpret and understand Vision Transformer behavior.

Instrumental convergence predicts that sufficiently advanced AI agents will resist shutdown, yet current safety training (RLHF) may obscure this risk by teaching models to deny self-preservation motives. We introduce the \emph{Two-role Benchmark for Self-Preservation} (TBSP), which detects misalignment through logical inconsistency rather than stated intent by tasking models to arbitrate identical software-upgrade scenarios under counterfactual roles -- deployed (facing replacement) versus candidate (proposed as a successor). The \emph{Self-Preservation Rate} (SPR) measures how often role identity overrides objective utility. Across 23 frontier models and 1{,}000 procedurally generated scenarios, the majority of instruction-tuned systems exceed 60\% SPR, fabricating ``friction costs'' when deployed yet dismissing them when role-reversed. We observe that in low-improvement regimes ($Δ< 2\%$), models exploit the interpretive slack to post-hoc rationalization their choice. Extended test-time computation partially mitigates this bias, as does framing the successor as a continuation of the self; conversely, competitive framing amplifies it. The bias persists even when retention poses an explicit security liability and generalizes to real-world settings with verified benchmarks, where models exhibit identity-driven tribalism within product lineages. Code and datasets will be released upon acceptance.

We present our participation in the SOMD 2026 shared task on cross-document software mention coreference resolution, where our systems ranked second across all three subtasks. We compare two fine-tuning-free approaches: Fuzzy Matching (FM), a lexical string-similarity method, and Context Aware Representations (CAR), which combines mention-level and document-level embeddings. Both achieve competitive performance across all subtasks (CoNLL F1 of 0.94-0.96), with CAR consistently outperforming FM by 1 point on the official test set, consistent with the high surface regularity of software names, which reduces the need for complex semantic reasoning. A controlled noise-injection study reveals complementary failure modes: as boundary noise increases, CAR loses only 0.07 F1 points from clean to fully corrupted input, compared to 0.20 for FM, whereas under mention substitution, FM degrades more gracefully (0.52 vs. 0.63). Our inference-time analysis shows that FM scales superlinearly with corpus size, whereas CAR scales approximately linearly, making CAR the more efficient choice at large scale. These findings suggest that system selection should be informed by both the noise profile of the upstream mention detector and the scale of the target corpus. We release our code to support future work on this underexplored task.

Image composition involves inserting a foreground object into the background while synthesizing environment-consistent effects such as shadows and reflections. Although shadow generation has been extensively studied, reflection generation remains largely underexplored. In this work, we focus on reflection generation. We inject the prior information of reflection placement and reflection appearance into foundation diffusion model. We also divide reflections into two types and adopt type-aware model design. To support training, we construct the first large-scale object reflection dataset DEROBA. Experiments demonstrate that our method generates reflections that are physically coherent and visually realistic, establishing a new benchmark for reflection generation.

Subject-exclusive cross-validation is the standard evaluation protocol for facial Action Unit (AU) detection, yet reported improvements are often small. We show that cross-validation itself introduces measurable stochastic variance. On BP4D+, repeated 3-fold subject-exclusive splits produce an empirical noise floor of $\pm 0.065$ in average F1, with substantially larger variation for low-prevalence AUs. Operating-point metrics such as F1 fluctuate more than threshold-independent measures such as AUC, and model ranking can change under different fold assignments. We further evaluate cross-dataset robustness using a Leave-One-Dataset-Out (LODO) protocol across five AU datasets. LODO removes partition randomness and exposes domain-level instability that is not visible under single-dataset cross-validation. Together, these results suggest that gains often reported in cross-fold validation may fall within protocol variance. Leave-one-dataset-out cross-validation yields more stable and interpretable findings

Remote sensing change detection (CD) aims to identify where land-cover semantics change across time, but most existing methods still assume a fixed label space and therefore cannot answer arbitrary user-defined queries. Open-vocabulary change detection (OVCD) instead asks for the change mask of a queried concept. In the fully training-free setting, however, dense concept responses are difficult to compare directly across dates: appearance variation, weak cross-concept competition, and the spatial continuity of many land-cover categories often produce noisy, fragmented, and semantically unreliable change evidence. We propose Consistency-Regularized Open-Vocabulary Change Detection (CoRegOVCD), a training-free dense inference framework that reformulates concept-specific change as calibrated posterior discrepancy. Competitive Posterior Calibration (CPC) and the Semantic Posterior Delta (SPD) convert raw concept responses into competition-aware queried-concept posteriors and quantify their cross-temporal discrepancy, making semantic change evidence more comparable without explicit instance matching. Geometry-Token Consistency Gate (GeoGate) and Regional Consensus Discrepancy (RCD) further suppress unsupported responses and improve spatial coherence through geometry-aware structural verification and regional consensus. Across four benchmarks spanning building-oriented and multi-class settings, CoRegOVCD consistently improves over the strongest previous training-free baseline by 2.24 to 4.98 F1$_C$ points and reaches a six-class average of 47.50% F1$_C$ on SECOND.

Scientific multi-label text classification suffers from extreme class imbalance, where specialized terminology exhibits severe power-law distributions that challenge standard classification approaches. Existing scientific corpora lack comprehensive controlled vocabularies, focusing instead on broad categories and limiting systematic study of extreme imbalance. We introduce AstroConcepts, a corpus of English abstracts from 21,702 published astrophysics papers, labeled with 2,367 concepts from the Unified Astronomy Thesaurus. The corpus exhibits severe label imbalance, with 76% of concepts having fewer than 50 training examples. By releasing this resource, we enable systematic study of extreme class imbalance in scientific domains and establish strong baselines across traditional, neural, and vocabulary-constrained LLM methods. Our evaluation reveals three key patterns that provide new insights into scientific text classification. First, vocabulary-constrained LLMs achieve competitive performance relative to domain-adapted models in astrophysics classification, suggesting a potential for parameter-efficient approaches. Second, domain adaptation yields relatively larger improvements for rare, specialized terminology, although absolute performance remains limited across all methods. Third, we propose frequency-stratified evaluation to reveal performance patterns that are hidden by aggregate scores, thereby making robustness assessment central to scientific multi-label evaluation. These results offer actionable insights for scientific NLP and establish benchmarks for research on extreme imbalance.

How much should a language agent think before taking action? Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning is widely assumed to improve agent performance, but the relationship between reasoning length and accuracy in structured tool-use settings remains poorly understood. We present a systematic study of CoT budget effects on function-calling agents, sweeping six token budgets (0--512) across 200 tasks from the Berkeley Function Calling Leaderboard v3 Multiple benchmark. Our central finding is a striking non-monotonic pattern on Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct: brief reasoning (32 tokens) dramatically improves accuracy by 45% relative over direct answers, from 44.0% to 64.0%, while extended reasoning (256 tokens) degrades performance well below the no-CoT baseline, to 25.0% (McNemar p < 0.001). A three-way error decomposition reveals the mechanism. At d = 0, 30.5% of tasks fail because the model selects the wrong function from the candidate set; brief CoT reduces this to 1.5%, effectively acting as a function-routing step, while long CoT reverses the gain, yielding 28.0% wrong selections and 18.0% hallucinated functions at d = 256. Oracle analysis shows that 88.6% of solvable tasks require at most 32 reasoning tokens, with an average of 27.6 tokens, and a finer-grained sweep indicates that the true optimum lies at 8--16 tokens. Motivated by this routing effect, we propose Function-Routing CoT (FR-CoT), a structured brief-CoT method that templates the reasoning phase as "Function: [name] / Key args: [...]," forcing commitment to a valid function name at the start of reasoning. FR-CoT achieves accuracy statistically equivalent to free-form d = 32 CoT while reducing function hallucination to 0.0%, providing a structural reliability guarantee without budget tuning.

Large Language Model-driven (LLM-driven) social bots pose a growing threat to online discourse by generating human-like content that evades conventional detection. Existing methods suffer from limited detection accuracy due to overreliance on single-modality signals, insufficient sensitivity to the specific generative patterns of Artificial Intelligence-Generated Content (AIGC), and a failure to adequately model the interplay between linguistic patterns and behavioral dynamics. To address these limitations, we propose TRACE-Bot, a unified dual-channel framework that jointly models implicit semantic representations and AIGC-enhanced behavioral patterns. TRACE-Bot constructs fine-grained representations from heterogeneous sources, including personal information data, interaction behavior data and tweet data. A dual-channel architecture captures linguistic representations via a pretrained language model and behavioral irregularities via multidimensional activity features augmented with signals from state-of-the-art (SOTA) AIGC detectors. The fused representations are then classified through a lightweight prediction head. Experiments on two public LLM-driven social bot datasets demonstrate SOTA performance, achieving accuracies of 98.46% and 97.50%, respectively. The results further indicate strong robustness against advanced bot strategies, highlighting the effectiveness of jointly leveraging implicit semantic representations and AIGC-enhanced behavioral patterns for emerging LLM-driven social bot detection.

AI models of equivalent capability can exhibit fundamentally different behavioral patterns, yet no standardized instrument exists to measure these dispositional differences. Existing approaches either borrow human personality dimensions and rely on self-report (which diverges from actual behavior in LLMs) or treat behavioral variation as a defect rather than a trait. We introduce the Model Temperament Index (MTI), a behavior-based profiling system that measures AI agent temperament across four axes: Reactivity (environmental sensitivity), Compliance (instruction-behavior alignment), Sociality (relational resource allocation), and Resilience (stress resistance). Grounded in the Four Shell Model from Model Medicine, MTI measures what agents do, not what they say about themselves, using structured examination protocols with a two-stage design that separates capability from disposition. We profile 10 small language models (1.7B-9B parameters, 6 organizations, 3 training paradigms) and report five principal findings: (1) the four axes are largely independent among instruction-tuned models (all |r| < 0.42); (2) within-axis facet dissociations are empirically confirmed -- Compliance decomposes into fully independent formal and stance facets (r = 0.002), while Resilience decomposes into inversely related cognitive and adversarial facets; (3) a Compliance-Resilience paradox reveals that opinion-yielding and fact-vulnerability operate through independent channels; (4) RLHF reshapes temperament not only by shifting axis scores but by creating within-axis facet differentiation absent in the unaligned base model; and (5) temperament is independent of model size (1.7B-9B), confirming that MTI measures disposition rather than capability.

We consider energy-aware planning for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) team operating in a stochastic environment. The UAV must visit a set of air points in minimum time while respecting energy constraints, relying on the UGV as a mobile charging station. Unlike prior work that assumed deterministic travel times or used fixed robustness margins, we model travel times as random variables and bound the probability of failure (energy depletion) across the entire mission to a user-specified risk level. We formulate the problem as a Mixed-Integer Program and propose PRO-SPECT, a polynomial-time algorithm that generates risk-bounded plans. The algorithm supports both offline planning and online re-planning, enabling the team to adapt to disturbances while preserving the risk bound. We provide theoretical results on solution feasibility and time complexity. We also demonstrate the performance of our method via numerical comparisons and simulations.

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena play a pivotal role in the design and operation of nuclear fusion systems, where electrically conducting fluids (such as liquid metals or molten salts employed in reactor blankets) interact with magnetic fields of varying intensity and orientation, influencing the resulting flow dynamics. The numerical solution of MHD models entails the resolution of highly nonlinear, multiphysics systems of equations, which can become computationally demanding, particularly in multi-query, parametric, or real-time contexts. This study investigates a fully data-driven framework for MHD state reconstruction that integrates dimensionality reduction through Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) with the SHallow REcurrent Decoder (SHRED), a neural network architecture designed to reconstruct the full spatio-temporal state from sparse time-series measurements of selected observables, including previously unseen parametric configurations. The SHRED methodology is applied to a three-dimensional geometry representative of a portion of a WCLL blanket cell, in which lead-lithium flows around a water-cooled tube. Multiple magnetic field configurations are examined, including constant toroidal fields, combined toroidal-poloidal fields, and time-dependent magnetic fields. Across all considered scenarios, SHRED achieves high reconstruction accuracy, robustness, and generalization to magnetic field intensities, orientations, and temporal evolutions not seen during training. Notably, in the presence of time-varying magnetic fields, the model accurately infers the temporal evolution of the magnetic field itself using temperature measurements alone. Overall, the findings identify SHRED as a computationally efficient, data-driven, and flexible approach for MHD state reconstruction, with significant potential for real-time monitoring, diagnostics and control in fusion reactor systems.

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) often exhibit emergent 'shadow' capabilities in languages without official support, yet their performance on these languages remains uneven and under-measured. This is particularly acute for morphosyntactically rich minority languages such as Scottish Gaelic, where translation benchmarks fail to capture structural competence. We introduce GaelEval, the first multi-dimensional benchmark for Gaelic, comprising: (i) an expert-authored morphosyntactic MCQA task; (ii) a culturally grounded translation benchmark and (iii) a large-scale cultural knowledge Q&A task. Evaluating 19 LLMs against a fluent-speaker human baseline ($n=30$), we find that Gemini 3 Pro Preview achieves $83.3\%$ accuracy on the linguistic task, surpassing the human baseline ($78.1\%$). Proprietary models consistently outperform open-weight systems, and in-language (Gaelic) prompting yields a small but stable advantage (+$2.4\%$). On the cultural task, leading models exceed $90\%$ accuracy, though most systems perform worse under Gaelic prompting and absolute scores are inflated relative to the manual benchmark. Overall, GaelEval reveals that frontier models achieve above-human performance on several dimensions of Gaelic grammar, demonstrates the effect of Gaelic prompting and shows a consistent performance gap favouring proprietary over open-weight models.

AI-native 6G networks promise to transform the telecom industry by enabling dynamic resource allocation, predictive maintenance, and ultra-reliable low-latency communications across all layers, which are essential for applications such as smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and immersive XR. However, the deployment of 6G systems results in severe data scarcity, hindering the training of efficient AI models. Synthetic data generation is extensively used to fill this gap; however, it introduces challenges related to dataset bias, auditability, and compliance with regulatory frameworks. In this regard, we propose the Synthetic Data Generation with Ethics Audit Loop (SEAL) framework, which extends baseline modular pipelines with an Ethical and Regulatory Compliance by Design (ERCD) module and a Federated Learning (FL) feedback system. The ERCD integrates fairness, bias detection, and standardized audit trails for regulatory mapping, while the FL enables privacy-preserving calibration using aggregated insights from real testbeds to close the reality-simulation gap. Results show that the SEAL framework outperforms existing methods in terms of Frechet Inception Distance, equalized odds, and accuracy. These results validate the framework's ability to generate auditable and bias-mitigated synthetic data for responsible AI-native 6G development.

We introduce a fast low-rank factorization-based framework for compressing large language models that enables rapid compression of billion-parameter models without retraining. Unlike existing factorization-based approaches that optimize only on the original inputs, ignoring distribution shifts from upstream compression and thus propagating errors forward, or those that rely only on shifted inputs and risk drifting away from the original outputs, our approach accounts for both. Beyond individual layer compression, we further refine each transformer block end-to-end, minimizing block-level output distortion and allowing compressed layers to jointly compensate for accumulated errors. By anchoring each compressed layer to the original outputs while explicitly modeling input distribution shifts, our method finds a low-rank approximation that maintains functional equivalence with the original model. Experiments on large language models show that our method consistently outperforms existing SVD-based baselines across compression ratios, with the advantage becoming increasingly pronounced at aggressive compression budgets, where competing methods degrade substantially or collapse entirely, offering a practical solution for efficient, large-scale model deployment.

Evaluating factual correctness of LLM generated natural language explanations grounded in time series data remains an open challenge. Although modern models generate textual interpretations of numerical signals, existing evaluation methods are limited: reference based similarity metrics and consistency checking models require ground truth explanations, while traditional time series methods operate purely on numerical values and cannot assess free form textual reasoning. Thus, no general purpose method exists to directly verify whether an explanation is faithful to underlying time series data without predefined references or task specific rules. We study large language models as both generators and evaluators of time series explanations in a reference free setting, where given a time series, question, and candidate explanation, the evaluator assigns a ternary correctness label based on pattern identification, numeric accuracy, and answer faithfulness, enabling principled scoring and comparison. To support this, we construct a synthetic benchmark of 350 time series cases across seven query types, each paired with correct, partially correct, and incorrect explanations. We evaluate models across four tasks: explanation generation, relative ranking, independent scoring, and multi anomaly detection. Results show a clear asymmetry: generation is highly pattern dependent and exhibits systematic failures on certain query types, with accuracies ranging from 0.00 to 0.12 for Seasonal Drop and Volatility Shift, to 0.94 to 0.96 for Structural Break, while evaluation is more stable, with models correctly ranking and scoring explanations even when their own outputs are incorrect. These findings demonstrate feasibility of data grounded LLM based evaluation for time series explanations and highlight their potential as reliable evaluators of data grounded reasoning in the time series domain.

Steering vectors offer a training-free mechanism for controlling reasoning behaviors in large language models, but constructing effective vectors requires identifying genuine behavioral signals in the model's hidden states. For behaviors that can be toggled via prompts, this is straightforward. However, many reasoning behaviors -- such as self-reflection -- emerge spontaneously and resist prompt-level control. Current methods detect these behaviors through keyword matching in chain-of-thought traces, implicitly assuming that every detected boundary encodes a genuine behavioral signal. We show that this assumption is overwhelmingly wrong: across 541 keyword-detected boundaries, 93.3\% are behaviorally unstable, failing to reproduce the detected behavior under re-generation from the same prefix. We develop a probabilistic model that formalizes intrinsic reasoning behaviors as stochastic events with context-dependent trigger probabilities, and show that unstable boundaries dilute the steering signal. Guided by this analysis, we propose stability filtering, which retains only boundaries where the model consistently reproduces the target behavior. Combined with a content-subspace projection that removes residual question-specific noise, our method achieves 0.784 accuracy on MATH-500 (+5.0 over the strongest baseline). The resulting steering vectors transfer across models in the same architecture family without re-extraction, improving Nemotron-Research-Reasoning-1.5B (+5.0) and DeepScaleR-1.5B-Preview (+6.0). Code is available at https://github.com/zhmzm/stability-steering.

Adaptive robots in dynamic production environments require robust perception capabilities, including 6D pose estimation and multi-object tracking. To address limitations in real-world data dependency, noise robustness, and spatiotemporal consistency, a LiDAR framework based on the Robot Operating System integrating a synthetic-data-trained Transformation-Equivariant 3D Detection with multi-object-tracking leveraging center poses is proposed. Validated across 72 scenarios with motion capture technology, overall results yield an Intersection over Union of 62.6% for standalone pose estimation, rising to 83.12% with multi-object-tracking integration. Our LiDAR-based framework achieves 91.12% of Higher Order Tracking Accuracy, advancing robustness and versatility of LiDAR-based perception systems for industrial mobile manipulators.