When blazars flare, their optical position moves. We show this by combining Gaia DR3 proper motions with epoch photometry for blazars with strong optical jet emission. In 60 of 74 sources with significant proper motion, rising flux drives the centroid upstream while fading flux drives it downstream - a near-universal pattern captured by a simple two-component model of constant extended emission and a flaring region. Using this connection, we geometrically localize the optical flares to within <1 mas of the VLBI position - a few parsecs at typical blazar distances - placing them in the innermost jet or accretion disk. This purely geometric method requires no multi-wavelength correlations or model-dependent assumptions, and provides an independent spatial anchor for localizing higher-energy flares. Per-epoch astrometry from Gaia DR4 is set to tighten our constraints even further.

Modern quantum devices require high-precision Hamiltonian dynamics, but environmental noise can cause calibrated Hamiltonian parameters to drift over time, necessitating expensive recalibration. Detecting when recalibration is needed is challenging, especially since the very gates required for sophisticated verification protocols may themselves be miscalibrated. While cloud quantum computing services implement heuristic routines for triggering recalibration, the fundamental limits of optimal recalibration are not yet known. We develop efficient Hamiltonian certification and changepoint detection protocols in the autonomous setting, where we cannot rely on an external noiseless device and use only single-qubit gates and measurements, making the protocols robust to the calibration issues for multi-qubit operations they aim to detect. For unknown $n$-qubit Hamiltonians $H$ and $H_0$ with operator norm bounded by $M$, our certification protocol distinguishes whether $\|H-H_0\|_F\geqε$ or $\|H-H_0\|_F\leq O(ε/\sqrt{n})$ with sample complexity $O(nM^2\ln(1/δ)/ε^2)$ and total evolution time $O(nM\ln(1/δ)/ε^2)$. We achieve this by evolving random stabilizer product states and performing adaptive single-qubit measurements based on a classically simulable hypothesis state. Extending this to continuous monitoring, we develop an online changepoint detection algorithm using the CUSUM procedure that achieves a detection delay time bound of $O(nM\ln(M\mathbb{E}_\infty[T])/ε^2)$, matching the known asymptotically optimal scaling with respect to false alarm run time $\mathbb{E}_\infty[T]$. Our approach enables quantum devices to autonomously monitor their own calibration status without requiring ancillary systems, entangling operations, or a trusted reference device, offering a practical solution for robust quantum computing with contemporary noisy devices.

Focal plane arrays (FPAs) promise robust solid-state beam steering for LiDAR and free-space optical communications. However, the need for external collimation lenses hinders chip-scale compactness. Discrete switching between FPA elements further introduces blind spots and limits the number of resolvable points, restricting applications that require continuous tracking. Here, we demonstrate a silicon photonic beam steerer based on a metalens FPA that monolithically integrates the collimation lens on-chip. Thermo-optic prisms enable continuous fine-tuning, eliminating blind spots and tripling the number of resolvable points. Continuous steering over a 62° field of view is achieved while maintaining high beam quality, with an average sidelobe suppression ratio of 19 dB.

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures are rapidly emerging as ideal substrates for enantioselective sensing, chiral near-field engineering, and plasmon-assisted catalysis, owing to their exceptional sensitivity to structural handedness. However, the physical origin of plasmonic chirality, whether intrinsically quantum or primarily governed by collective electrodynamics, remains an open question, limiting the development of predictive theoretical methods for the design of novel chiral plasmonic architectures. Here, we show that a fully atomistic classical electrodynamic model, coupling intraband charge transport and interband polarization, quantitatively reproduces state-of-the-art \textit{ab initio} and experimental chiroptical spectra across the quantum-to-classical regime, from atomistically defined chiral Ag and Au nanostructures to DNA-origami-assembled Au nanorods containing up to $\sim 10^5$ atoms. Our results support a unified electrodynamic origin of plasmonic chirality, providing the missing foundation to connect local structural motifs to chiroptical response and local chiral near fields, and paving the way for the atomistically defined, rational design of chiral plasmonic nanostructures optimized for targeted applications.

We present Automatic Laplace Collapsed Sampling (ALCS), a general framework for marginalising latent parameters in Bayesian models using automatic differentiation, which we combine with nested sampling to explore the hyperparameter space in a robust and efficient manner. At each nested sampling likelihood evaluation, ALCS collapses the high-dimensional latent variables $z$ to a scalar contribution via maximum a posteriori (MAP) optimisation and a Laplace approximation, both computed using autodiff. This reduces the effective dimension from $d_θ+ d_z$ to just $d_θ$, making Bayesian evidence computation tractable for high-dimensional settings without hand-derived gradients or Hessians, and with minimal model-specific engineering. The MAP optimisation and Hessian evaluation are parallelised across live points on GPU-hardware, making the method practical at scale. We also show that automatic differentiation enables local approximations beyond Laplace to parametric families such as the Student-$t$, which improves evidence estimates for heavy-tailed latents. We validate ALCS on a suite of benchmarks spanning hierarchical, time-series, and discrete-likelihood models and establish where the Gaussian approximation holds. This enables a post-hoc ESS diagnostic that localises failures across hyperparameter space without expensive joint sampling.

We investigate how a localized curvature affects the dynamics of massless Dirac fermions in a curved surface. We consider a smooth bump with axial symmetry, adopting two specific geometric models, namely a Gaussian and a volcano-like bumps. By considering a minimal coupling between the spinor and the surface geometry, described by the vielbeins and the spin connection, we study the behavior of the wave function over the surface. By using appropriate numerical methods, we find a linear discrete energy spectrum for the Dirac fermions and its corresponding wavefunctions when the Fermi velocity is considered. It turns out that, since the curvature vanishes asymptotically, the electron states are free waves far from the bumps, but around the curved points, the wave function increases its probability density.

Merging binary black holes embedded in gaseous environments, such as supermassive black hole binaries following gas-rich galaxy mergers, are promising sources of multi-messenger transients in the upcoming age of space-based gravitational wave detections. In case a gravitational radiation recoil is imparted to the merger remnant, subsequent interactions between the recoiled black hole and its circumbinary disk may lead to unique post-merger electromagnetic counterparts. We present the first general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a recoiling black hole interacting with a magnetically arrested circumbinary disk the evolution of which has been consistently tracked through the inspiral phase. We show that the post-merger accretion dynamics, depending on the recoil geometry, exhibits qualitatively disparate jet and disk behavior. For recoils perpendicular to the disk, the inner disk remains gravitationally bound and sustains relativistic jets, while in-plane recoils lead to copious shock heating and potential jet quenching for black holes directly colliding with the disk. Oblique recoils, on the other hand, produce intermittent outbursts from jet-disk interactions owing to the tilt introduced in the accretion disk. Multi-wavelength monitoring of these electromagnetic counterparts, in conjunction with the coincident gravitational wave detection, will be able to aid in characterizing the physical conditions of the merger environment.

Traditional wireless power transfer (WPT) systems are largely limited to 1-D charging pads or 2-D charging surfaces and therefore do not support a truly ubiquitous device-powering experience. Although room-scale WPT based on multimode quasistatic cavity resonance (QSCR) has demonstrated full-volume coverage by leveraging multiple resonant modes, existing high-coverage implementations require obstructive internal conductive structures, such as a central pole. This letter presents a new structure, termed the patched-wall QSCR, that eliminates such internal obstructions while preserving full-volume coverage. By using conductive wall segments interconnected by capacitors, the proposed structure supports two complementary resonant modes that cover both the peripheral and central regions without obstructions within the charging volume. Electromagnetic simulations show that, by selectively exciting these two resonant modes, the proposed structure achieves a minimum power-transfer efficiency of 48.1% across the evaluated 54 m^3 charging volume while preserving an unobstructed interior space.

The hydrogen positions and magnetic structure of goethite $α$-FeOOH, a key component of iron rust, were examined through neutron diffraction. All symmetry-allowed magnetic structures under the space group $Pnma$ with the magnetic wavevector $\vec{q}_{\rm m} = (0, 0, 0)$ r.l.u. were analysed using irreducible representation and magnetic space group approaches. The magnetic moments aligned along the $b$-axis form antiferromagnetic spin arrangements, as reproduced by first-principles calculations. Accurately determining the hydrogen positions is crucial for understanding the mechanism of catalytic reduction of CO$_2$ in $α$-FeOOH. These positions were precisely identified through diffraction and calculations, highlighting the effectiveness of using both methods for undeuterated compounds.

The trilinear Higgs self-coupling provides a unique probe of the structure of the Higgs potential and of the nature of the electroweak phase transition, and constitutes a key target for future collider experiments. Recent studies have shown that confronting theoretical predictions for the trilinear Higgs coupling with current experimental bounds offers a powerful and complementary way to test effects of physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM), in particular those arising from extended Higgs sectors. Meanwhile, substantial progress has been achieved in the precise calculation and automation of the trilinear Higgs coupling in a wide class of BSM models. This contribution discusses several BSM scenarios, compatible with existing constraints, in which sizeable deviations in the trilinear Higgs coupling w.r.t. the Standard Model (SM) value are predicted, while other Higgs observables remain close to their SM expectations and are therefore difficult to probe experimentally. These results highlight the strong physics motivation for a precise measurement of the trilinear Higgs coupling at a future Higgs factory.

Nonlinear partial differential equations are central to physics, engineering, and finance. Except in a limited number of integrable cases, their solution generally requires numerical methods whose cost becomes prohibitive in high-dimensional regimes or at fine resolution. Nonlinear phenomena such as turbulence are notoriously difficult to predict because of their extreme sensitivity to small variations in initial conditions, except when certain stability conditions are fulfilled. Indeed, stability allows us to achieve reliable approximate dynamics, since it determines whether small perturbations remain bounded or are amplified, potentially leading to markedly different long-term behavior. Here, we investigate the stability of dissipative partial differential equations with second-order nonlinearities. By analyzing the time evolution of solution norms in Sobolev spaces, we establish a sufficient condition for stability that links the characteristics of the linear dissipative operator, the quadratic nonlinear term, and the external forcing. The resulting criterion is expressed as an explicit inequality that guarantees stability for a wide range of initial conditions. As an illustration, we apply the framework to fluid-dynamical models governed by nonlinear partial differential equations. In particular, for the Burgers equation, the condition admits a natural interpretation in terms of the Reynolds number, thereby directly linking the stability threshold to the competition between viscous dissipation and inertial advection. We further demonstrate the scope of the approach by extending the analysis to the KPP-Fisher and Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equations.

Several aspects of the connection between conserved integrals (invariants) and symmetries are illustrated within a hybrid Lagrangian-Hamiltonian framework for dynamical systems. Three examples are considered: a nonlinear oscillator with time-dependent frequency (one degree of freedom); geodesics of a spheroid (two degrees of freedom); Calogero-Moser-Sutherland system of interacting particles (three degrees of freedom). For each system, a local generalization of Liouville integrability is shown. Specifically, the variational point symmetries in a Lagrangian setting lead to corresponding locally conserved integrals which are found to commute in the Poisson bracket imported from the equivalent Hamiltonian setting. Action-angle variables are then introduced in the Lagrangian setting, which leads to explicit integration of the Euler-Lagrange equations of motion locally in time.

We report on the status of an update of our collaboration's previous computation of light and strange quark masses in QCD with $N_{f}=2+1$ dynamical flavours. Bare quark masses are extracted from CLS ensembles, using $O(a)$-improved Wilson fermions, and the mass renormalization is performed non-perturbatively in the Schrödinger functional scheme over a wide range of scales to make safe contact with perturbation theory. Results for five lattice spacings, down to $a\sim 0.038 \textrm{ fm}$, and pion masses reaching the physical value are included in the analysis. This allows for the exploration of different models for cutoff and chiral effects, and a controlled extrapolation to the physical point.

The nozzle of an aircraft is a major source of radar scattering from the rear aspect of the aircraft, which undergoes higher operational temperatures. In order to reduce the radar scattering of these nozzles, high temperature radar absorbing materials (RAM) are essential. The thickness of these RAM typically increases to attain RCS reduction at lower frequencies, which subsequently leads to a higher weight of the structure. Therefore, this research study investigates the weight advantages of a star auxetic (SA) lattice made up of barium titanate to reduce the RCS of aircraft exhaust nozzles in the frequency range of 8-18 GHz. Modelling of SA with a complicated aircraft structure may lead to complexities in terms of Computer Aided Design and electromagnetic modelling and higher computational time for solving the electromagnetic problem using exact solvers. In order to simplify the computational problem, a homogenization and modified transfer matrix method is used to generate the RL performance. The RL from the proposed in-house tools is also compared with the Floquet port analysis. The RL performance obtained from the proposed method is also validated against experimental data. Comparative analyses are performed between SA and solid pure block (PB) barium titanate samples over 32761 SA and PB thickness combinations. Results show that selected SA samples with the same thickness achieve weight saving of approximately 60%, with 20dB lower RL than PB. The median RCS of the nozzle rear aspect also indicates that the SA-based barium titanate has an advantage in terms of weight penalty with similar or better RCS performance. The study demonstrates that auxetic metamaterials will be a multifunctional, lightweight, thermally stable, and radar absorbent structure for high temperature aircraft applications.

The spreading of quantum states in Krylov space under unitary dynamics provides a natural framework for characterizing quantum complexity. Quantifiers of this spreading, such as the spread complexity and the inverse participation ratio, depend explicitly on both the Hamiltonian and the initial state, rendering their connection to fundamental quantum resources such as entanglement and quantum coherence subtle. We establish quantitative bounds relating Krylov-space spreading to the entanglement of the evolved state and to the quantum coherence of the initial state. For bipartite systems, we have shown that the entanglement of the evolved state is upper bounded in terms of the entanglement of the Krylov basis vectors and the spread complexity. In the case of multipartite systems, analogous bounds are obtained for the inverse participation ratio, a quantifier of the delocalization of a quantum state in the Krylov basis, in terms of the geometric measures. Furthermore, for qubit and qutrit systems, we derive relations between the quantum coherence of the initial state in the energy eigenbasis and the spread complexity, valid for arbitrary Hamiltonians. Our results provide quantitative constraints linking Krylov-space complexity growth to fundamental quantum resources.

We introduce a novel method to compute structure constants from Q-functions in the scalar sector of planar N=4 super Yang-Mills (SYM) and related theories. The method derives from operatorial as well as functional separation of variables, and the structure constants are expressed as determinants of matrices whose entries are integrals over products of Q-functions. In this framework, each operator is twisted by an external angle, mirroring the cusped Maldacena-Wilson loop. The structure constants of local single-trace operators in N=4 SYM are recovered in the untwisting limit, where we obtain a one-to-one correspondence between our key building blocks and those of the Hexagon formalism. Retaining appropriate twists, our structure constants also perfectly match those of the orbifold points of N=4 SYM. Our results thus far are valid at leading order in the weak-coupling expansion, but their formulation in terms of Q-functions provides a natural starting point for including loop corrections. Many of the methods we develop in this work apply more generally to the computation of correlation functions in integrable models.

Motivated by the question of whether scale-separated AdS$_3$ flux vacua arising from G$_2$ compactifications admit an uplift to eleven-dimensional supergravity, we construct scale-separated AdS$_3$ flux vacua in massless type IIA with only O6-planes. We first present new scale-separated solutions in massive type IIA on a G$_2$ holonomy toroidal orbifold with four smeared O6-planes, analyze their properties, and then perform a double T-duality to obtain the corresponding massless backgrounds. In the dual frame, the internal space is locally given by a six-dimensional quotient space $X_6$ with an $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ structure of Iwasawa type times an untwisted circle $S^1$, while globally it is further modded out by a non-trivial $\mathbb{Z}_2$ quotient inherited from the G$_2$ orbifold action. Finally, we use T-duality to derive the corresponding superpotential in massless type IIA and identify parametrically classical, scale-separated families of solutions, as well as a family with parametrically large radii, scale separation, and strong coupling, thus allowing for an uplift to eleven-dimensional supergravity.

The optimization of large experiments in fundamental science, such as detectors for subnuclear physics at particle colliders, shares with the optimization of complex systems for industrial or societal applications the common issue of addressing the inter-relation between parameters describing the hardware used in data production and parameters used to analyse those data. While in many cases this coupling can be ignored -- when the problem can be successfully factored into simpler sub-tasks and the latter addressed serially -- there are situations in which that approach fails to converge to the absolute maximum of expected performance, as it results in a mis-alignment of the optimized hardware and software solutions. In this work we consider a few use cases of interest in fundamental science collected primarily from particle physics and related areas, and a pot-pourri of industrial and societal applications where the matter is similarly of relevance. We discuss the emergence of strong hardware-software coupling in some of those systems, as well as co-design procedures that may be deployed to identify the global maximum of their relevant utility functions. We observe how numerous opportunities exist to advance methods and tools for hardware-software co-design optimization, bridging fundamental science and industry through application- and challenge-driven projects, and shaping the future of scientific experiments and industrial systems.

We construct the $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric completion of the recently proposed single-minus gluon amplitudes in $(2,2)$ signature, which are nonvanishing for all multiplicities on a half-collinear kinematic locus. The superamplitude factorises into a permutation-invariant measure $Δ^{(n-1)}$ with uniform little-group weight that imposes the half-collinearity constraint, a piecewise constant stripped amplitude $\tilde{A}_{1\ldots n}$ that is helicity blind and dual conformal invariant, and (super)momentum conservation delta functions. For $n=3$, our superamplitude reduces to the known $\overline{\rm MHV}$ superamplitude. We prove dual superconformal covariance of the $n$-point superamplitude, and further analyse the $\mathrm{Gr}(k,n)$ Grassmannian integral at $k=1$. Finally, we present the corresponding single-minus superamplitude in $\mathcal{N}=8$ supergravity.

Lean premixed hydrogen-air flames are strongly affected by thermodiffusive (TD) instabilities, which can alter the flame structure and enhance the local reactivity many-fold. Two recent models (Howarth et al. (Combust.~Flame 253, 2023) and Rieth et al. (MSC 2023)) describe the scaling of the stretch factor in turbulent hydrogen flames with the Karlovitz number using different parameters, i.e., the $ω_2$ parameter from linear stability theory and the ratio of the Zel'dovich to the Peclet number (${Ze}/{Pe}$). Using a comprehensive set of 91 direct numerical simulation (DNS) cases spanning a wide range of pressures, equivalence ratios, turbulence intensities, and flow configurations, both formulations are systematically evaluated and an adapted formulation is proposed. The analysis of the governing non-dimensional groups reveals a scaling behavior characterized by two distinct regimes. In the first regime, typically relevant for burner and gas turbine conditions, both models reduce to an identical form that depends solely on the Karlovitz number and the stretch factor of laminar flames, independent of $ω_2$ or ${Ze}/{Pe}$. In the second regime, characterized by ultra-low flame speeds, the explicit consideration of $ω_2$ or the ratio ${Ze}/{Pe}$ is required for accurate scaling. In both regimes, the two models predict the DNS data reasonably well and reduce to the same functional form of non-dimensional groups, indicating their physical equivalence.

Quantum machine learning offers the ability to capture complex correlations in high-dimensional feature spaces, crucial for the challenge of detecting beyond the Standard Model physics in collider events, along with the potential for unprecedented computational efficiency in future quantum processors. Near-term utilization of these benefits can be achieved by developing quantum-inspired algorithms for deployment in classical hardware to enable applications at the "edge" of current scientific experiments. This work demonstrates the use of tensor networks for real-time anomaly detection in collider detectors. A spaced matrix product operator (SMPO) is developed that provides sensitivity to a variety beyond the Standard Model benchmarks, and can be implemented in field programmable gate array hardware with resources and latency consistent with trigger deployment. The cascaded SMPO architecture is introduced as an SMPO variation that affords greater flexibility and efficiency in ways that are key to edge applications in resource-constrained environments. These results reveal the benefit and near-term feasibility of deploying quantum-inspired ML in high energy colliders.

Quantum measurements are slow, while classical processors are fast, yet existing hybrid protocols never exploit this asymmetry. In this work, we propose an alternative formulation of classical estimators as online algorithms that are updated incrementally upon obtaining a new sample. Classical shadows are the natural fit for this approach: designed around the principle of measuring first and asking questions later, each snapshot is a self-contained classical description that can be processed immediately and independently. As a first demonstration, we focus on mixed state entanglement verification via PT-moments, moments of the partially transposed density matrix that provide experimentally accessible sufficient conditions for entanglement. We construct two unbiased online estimators that together characterize the fundamental challenge between memory footprint and per-shot computational cost: one scales to large systems at low moment order, the other handles high moment orders at the expense of memory exponential in system size. The online estimator certifies entanglement reliably and, by exploiting all $\binom{T}{m}$ combinations of snapshots, requires fewer samples than state-of-the-art baselines, turning entanglement detection from a purely offline diagnostic into a protocol that runs concurrently with the experiment.

We investigate compound drops composed of two immiscible nonvolatile partially wetting liquids that slide down an inclined homogeneous smooth solid substrate based on a mesoscopic hydrodynamic two-layer model in full-curvature formulation. First, drops of one liquid stationarily sliding on a layer of the other liquid are briefly investigated with a focus on the dependence of drop velocity and interface profiles on inclination and mean thickness of the adaptive substrate. Then, stationary sliding compound drops are studied with a focus on the dependence of their configuration, velocity, dynamic Young and Neumann angles on three control parameters, namely, the inclination, the volume ratio and the viscosity ratio. The reasons for the encountered dependence of the velocity on configuration are clarified based on a discussion of the lateral dissipation profile. Finally, we briefly consider the time-periodic fusion-overtaking-splitting behavior found outside the existence range of the stationary sliding compound drops as determined by saddle-node bifurcations.

We present the strange electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon using lattice QCD simulations with degenerate light, a strange, and a charm quark in the sea with masses tuned to their physical values. For the first time, the strange electromagnetic form factors are computed at the continuum limit using only ensembles simulated with physical quark masses, eliminating the need for chiral extrapolations and their associated systematic uncertainty. We obtain the momentum transfer dependence of the form factors using the $z$-expansion and provide the strange electric and magnetic radii, as well as the strange magnetic moment. When combining our statistical errors and systematic uncertainties stemming from the momentum transfer dependence fit, our errors are an order of magnitude smaller than those associated with experimental determinations of the strange electromagnetic form factor.

Radiative heat transfer (RHT) at the nanoscale can vastly exceed the far-field blackbody limit due to the tunneling of evanescent waves, a phenomenon traditionally described by fluctuational electrodynamics (FE). While FE has been exceptionally successful for systems in local thermal equilibrium, its foundational assumptions break down in the growing number of scenarios involving genuine non-equilibrium conditions, such as in active devices or driven materials. This review introduces the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism as a powerful and versatile framework to study RHT beyond these classical limits. Rooted in quantum many-body theory, NEGF provides a unified language to describe energy transport by photons, electrons, and phonons on an equal footing. We first outline the theoretical foundations of the NEGF approach for RHT, demonstrating how it recovers the canonical results of FE in the local equilibrium limit. We then survey recent breakthroughs enabled by NEGF, including: (i) providing a quantum-accurate description of equilibrium RHT that naturally incorporates non-local and finite-size effects, resolving unphysical divergences predicted by local models; (ii) unifying heat transfer channels to reveal the non-additive synergy between radiation, electron tunneling, and phonon conduction at sub-nanometer gaps; (iii) enabling the quantum design of materials and metamaterials with tailored thermal properties through band structure and topological engineering; and (iv) describing active control of heat flow in driven systems, which allows for phenomena like isothermal heat transfer and pumping heat against a temperature gradient.

PQuantML is a new open-source, hardware-aware neural network model compression library tailored to end-to-end workflows. Motivated by the need to deploy performant models to environments with strict latency constraints, PQuantML simplifies training of compressed models by providing a unified interface to apply pruning and quantization, either jointly or individually. The library implements multiple pruning methods with different granularities, as well as fixed-point quantization with support for High-Granularity Quantization. We evaluate PQuantML on representative tasks such as the jet substructure classification, so-called jet tagging, an on-edge problem related to real-time LHC data processing. Using various pruning methods with fixed-point quantization, PQuantML achieves substantial parameter and bit-width reductions while maintaining accuracy. The resulting compression is further compared against existing tools, such as QKeras and HGQ.

The discovery of superconductivity in reduced square-planar nickelates marked a major advance in identifying structural and electronic analogs to the high-$T_c$ cuprates. The more recent observation of superconductivity in parent Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) octahedral nickelates with a clear difference in electron count with respect to cuprates raises new questions about the nature of superconductivity across these related but distinct nickelate families. Here, we use Ni $L_3$-edge resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) to probe the low-energy excitations in a representative compound of both families: the parent octahedral $n=8$ RP phase Nd$_9$Ni$_8$O$_{25}$ (p-RP), which is non-superconducting, and its reduced square-planar counterpart Nd$_9$Ni$_8$O$_{18}$ (r-RP), which exhibits superconducting correlations with a $T_c \approx 5$ K. The $n=8$ p-RP develops a spin-density-wave (SDW) ground state with ordering wave vector $q_{\mathrm{SDW}} = (1/4,\, 1/4)$, analogous to the bilayer RP, while the $n=8$ r-RP shows an elastic peak at $q^\star = (1/3,\, 0)$. Polarimetric RIXS shows that the p-RP exhibits low-energy spectra dominated by weakly dispersive paramagnons along the 0$\rightarrowπ$ and $π\!\rightarrow\! π$ directions, whereas the r-RP with superconducting correlations displays dispersionless magnetic excitations. Our results comprehensively map out the spin excitations and reveal fundamental differences in the ground state between these two distinct structural families.

We present the nucleon strange electromagnetic form factors using four lattice QCD ensembles with $N_f=2+1+1$ twisted mass clover-improved fermions and quark masses tuned to approximately their physical values. The four ensembles have similar physical volume and lattice spacings of $a=0.080$ fm, $0.068$ fm, $0.057$ fm and $0.049$ fm allowing us to take the continuum limit directly at the physical pion mass point. We compute nucleon three-point correlation functions with high statistics, where the disconnected fermion loops are evaluated stochastically with spin-color dilution and hierarchical probing. We find non-zero values for both electric and magnetic form factors. We extract the strange electric and magnetic radii, as well as the strange magnetic moment in the continuum limit by studying the momentum dependence of the form factors. We also compute the charm electromagnetic form factors within the same setup, which we find to be consistent with zero within the statistical precision of our data.

In a world with ever-growing scientific literature, meaningful classifications are vital to keep on top of the latest results. In this Comment, historian and sociologist Phillip Roth traces the history of preprint classification in physics.

We present our ongoing work on two-dimensional maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills (2D MSYM) theory using lattice techniques. The continuum theory is obtained from the dimensional reduction of four-dimensional ${\mathcal N} = 4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. We construct both the continuum and lattice versions of the 2D MSYM theory. The lattice action preserves a subset of supersymmetries. We extend existing lattice software with new routines to accommodate the additional terms in the lower-dimensional theory. This lattice construction enables us to perform Rational Hybrid Monte Carlo simulations of 2D MSYM and facilitates the exploration of its continuum limit. Our work contributes to the numerical study of maximally supersymmetric gauge theories and supports the ongoing efforts to test gauge-gravity duality and investigate related non-perturbative phenomena.