Linear limit continuation was recently developed as a systematic and effective method for constructing numerically exact solitary waves from their respective linear limits. In this work, we apply the technique to two typical anisotropic harmonic traps in two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates to further establish the method and also to find more solitary waves. Many wave patterns are identified in the near-linear regime and they are subsequently continued into the Thomas-Fermi regime, and then they are further continued into the isotropic trap if possible. Finally, the parametric connectivity of the pertinent solitary waves is also discussed.

We revisit the flipped standard model where a $U(1)_N$ gauge group is added, determining a dark charge through the weak isospin such as $D=T_3+N$, analogous to the electric charge and hypercharge relation. We find %discover that neutrino masses are appropriately generated by a radiative inverse seesaw mechanism mediated by dark fields. Dark matter candidate is a naturally light fermion with the mass radiatively induced at the keV scale. The residual $Z_2$ parity arising from $U(1)_N$ symmetry breaking both stabilizes the dark matter candidate and prevents its potential mixing with neutrinos. Such residual $Z_2$ parity also guarantees the radiative nature of the inverse seesaw mechanism responsible for light active neutrino mass generation. It is noted that the keV dark matter may be thermally produced in the early Universe as decoupled but being still relativistic and typically overpopulated due to $U(1)_N$ portal interactions. To achieve the correct abundance, the excessive thermal production is counterbalanced by sufficient late-time entropy generation from the decay of long-lived particles. The parameter space under consideration can simultaneously accommodate the observational data from cosmic inflation and keV dark matter.

In the presence of qubit losses, the building blocks of fault-tolerant error correction (FTEC) must be revisited. Existing loss-tolerant approaches are mainly architecture-specific, and little attention has been given to optimizing the syndrome measurement sequences under loss. Schemes designed for the standard Pauli error model are not directly applicable because the syndrome patterns differ when both Pauli errors and erasures can occur. Based on recent advances in loss detection units and loss-tolerant syndrome extraction gadgets, we extend the study of adaptive Shor-style measurement sequences to the mixed error model. We begin by discussing how to adaptively convert correctable erasures into located errors. The minimal overhead is quantified by the number of stabilizer measurements, which can be reduced to a subgroup dimension problem for erasures arising in any FTEC circuit for qubits and prime-dimensional qudits. As a byproduct, we provide the construction of the canonical generating set with respect to a given bipartite partition for a stabilizer group on qudits of composite dimension. We then generalize both the weak and strong FTEC conditions. Finally, we present adaptive syndrome-measurement protocols for the mixed error model, generalizing the adaptive protocols for the standard Pauli error model.

There is increasing evidence for multiple binary black hole~(BBH) subpopulations in the cumulative gravitational wave catalog by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration. The astrophysical interpretation of this complex underlying population is subject to theoretical uncertainties in treatments of binary stellar evolution, core collapse, and host environments. In this \textit{Letter}, using parametrized mixture models, we show that the BBH detection sample comprises three astrophysical subpopulations that are likely dominated by specific formation channels. In particular, we show that the $10M_{\odot}$ peak and the $35M_{\odot}$ feature in the BBH mass spectrum correspond to distinct mass-ratio, spin alignment, spin precession, and redshift evolution properties. We show that mass-based transitions reported in the distribution of BBH parameters naturally emerge from our inferred distributions without explicit modeling. Our results are consistent with the current observed population arising from specific relative abundances of isolated binary evolution, dynamical formation in globular clusters, and higher-generation BBH mergers. Under this interpretation, we constrain the relative underlying fraction of these channels to be $79.0^{+11.5}_{-10.9}\%$, $14.5^{+11.6}_{-8.0}\%$, and, $2.5^{+5.5}_{-1.8}\%$, respectively, and find these relative fractions to be evolving over cosmic time with more than $1σ$ confidence. Our interpretation relies on simple theoretical predictions that are mostly robust against uncertainties in BBH formation, with more definite conclusions expected in the near future.

We consider the dynamics of an expanding superfluid modeled by Mueller-Israel-Stewart theory coupled to a complex scalar field with a $U(1)$ symmetry that is spontaneously broken. This is a manageable theoretical setting for explorations of the chiral phase transition of expanding quark-gluon plasma. We study the late proper-time behavior of Bjorken flow in this physical system and find that asymptotic solutions can be expressed as a transseries of a novel form, which contains factors like $τ^{-a\ln τ}$. This transseries describes how the information encoded in the initial data is diluted in the course of dissipative evolution. These solutions retain memory of the symmetry-breaking transition and describe two qualitatively different late-time behaviors of the dynamical variables, depending on condensate relaxation rate: either a purely damped fall-off or damped oscillations. The possibility that such oscillations could be imprinted in the observed outcomes of heavy ion collision experiments is the main physical insight that follows from our analysis.

The photomolecular effect has been hypothesized to enhance evaporation of water at visible wavelengths. This study develops a measurement technique to investigate its presence and magnitude at the liquid-vapor interface of water. The experiment detects surface absorptance by comparing polarized reflectance for substrates with and without a water layer. The reflectance ratio is used as an indicator of interfacial absorptance or attenuation. Lightly doped silicon and platinum were used as dielectric and metal substrates, and their pseudo-optical properties were measured using ellipsometry. Experimental results were compared to a multilayer reflectance model to determine theoretical sensitivity and guide angle selection. Measurements showed close agreement with a classical model assuming zero surface absorptance. The model was then extended to include surface absorptance using a spectral response based on Lorentzian-distributed Feibelman parameters derived from a recent estimate of 0.84% interfacial absorption. Although this model predicted a 1-2% reduction in reflectance near resonant frequencies, no such spectral features were observed experimentally. These results suggest that under ambient conditions, interfacial absorption is well below 1%, indicating that the optical signature of the photomolecular effect is either much weaker than previously reported or strongly dependent on conditions not present in this experiment.

High-mass stars, with their powerful winds and intense radiation fields, are fundamental in regulating galactic dynamics and evolution; however, despite their great relevance, the mechanisms involved in their formation are still not fully understood. In this context, molecular outflows, which are essential for removing angular momentum and allowing accretion onto the central object, are a crucial phenomenon for characterizing their formation. Previous studies reveal a discrepancy in the masses of outflows associated with high-mass clumps between works conducted at the clump scale ($\sim$ pc) and those at the core scale ($\sim$ subpc). This suggests that the high-mass outflow activity observed at the clump scale might be the result of the contribution from several lower-mass outflows linked to individual molecular cores. This work presents a study of the molecular gas toward a high-mass clump associated with an Extended Green Object (EGO). EGOs are indicators of jets associated with high-mass protostars. Employing high angular resolution data from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), the presence of several hot cores with outflow activity was observed in the source. A characterization of the outflows at the core scale is presented within the context of the physical parameters of the molecular clumps.

Berry curvature fundamentally dictates the topological ground state, anomalous transport and optical properties of quantum materials. However, directly mapping its momentum-space distribution in real materials remains an outstanding experimental challenge. Here, we present an inverse method for reconstructing the abelian Berry curvature of a single band using angle-resolved measurements of the transverse conductance. Our inversion relies on a symmetry-constrained statistical model with two hyperparameters that can be inferred directly from the nonlinear Hall conductance, yielding a parameter-free inversion method. We demonstrate the feasibility of our method using simulated measurements of tight-binding models of WSe$_2$ and $ABC$-stacked trilayer graphene.

We report the discovery and characterization of two compact galaxies, Pelias and Neleus, at z ~ 0.71 and z ~ 0.75, identified in MACS J0416.1-2403 and GOODS-North. Both exhibit unusual spectral energy distributions (SEDs), with very blue rest-frame UV-optical emission and a steep rise toward near- and mid-infrared wavelengths. JWST/NIRISS and JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy show strong rest-frame optical lines ([O III] 4959,5007 and Halpha) with extreme equivalent widths (>= 1000 Angstrom), indicating young burst-dominated populations with low metallicities (Z ~ 0.1-0.4 Zsun), low dust attenuation (Av ~ 0.2 mag), and stellar masses of Mstar ~ 10^7 Msun. Nonetheless, JWST/MIRI photometry reveals a strong mid-infrared excess that cannot be explained by stellar populations or star-formation-heated dust alone, requiring a hot-dust component most naturally associated with a deeply embedded active galactic nucleus (AGN). SED modelling yields log10(Lbol [erg/s]) ~ 43.7-44.0, implying black hole masses of log10(MBH [Msun]) ~ 5.7-6.7 under the assumption of Eddington-limited accretion. Given the very low stellar masses of the hosts, this corresponds to black-hole-to-stellar mass ratios of about 6-60%, well above the extrapolation of local scaling relations. The lack of X-ray detections suggests that the accretion may be either heavily obscured or intrinsically X-ray weak. Their SEDs also resemble those of Blue Excess Hot Dust Obscured Galaxies and show the characteristic V-shaped continuum seen in Little Red Dots, although with the inflection occurring at redder wavelengths.

Despite nation efforts to promote diversity and inclusion, women and gender minorities remain underrepresented in physics. One common approach to studying gender in physics contexts treats gender as a categorical identity variable (e.g. "man," "woman"). In contrast, approaches that center gender expression focus on the nuanced and context-dependent ways in which gender is socially enacted and interpreted. They are therefore well-suited for exploring how gender permeates the small-scale interactions that ultimately shape students' persistence and perceptions of inclusivity. In the present study, we utilized gender expression as a lens to investigate gendered patterns in introductory undergraduate physics students' sense of belonging in the discipline. Specifically, this qualitative investigation expands on our previous quantitative work to investigate why students may feel misperceived by their peers in physics and how that experience influences their belonging. Results indicated that students' sense of belonging may be impacted by perceived pressures to alter their gender expression in physics contexts. Many interviewees expressed a felt need to present themselves more "masculinely" to fit in. Contrastingly, pressure to present "femininely" was most often associated with standing out. Implications for supporting students' authentic self-ex in physics contexts are discussed.

Solid state athermal phonon calorimeters used in the search for low mass dark matter or coherent neutrino-nucleus interactions have long observed a large excess of events below several hundred eV. The relaxation of damage created by the interaction of fast cosmic ray neutrons with the detector has been proposed as a source of these excess events. By comparing neutron exposed detectors to control detectors, we report the first measurement of phonon bursts caused by damage created by fast neutrons. Differences in the spectral shape, the rate dependence on thermal history, and the observed spectral rate scaled to the neutron exposure between irradiated and control detectors suggest that our observed LEE backgrounds are not dominated by neutron damage-induced phonon bursts.

Extracting energy spectra from quantum Hamiltonians is a fundamental task for quantum simulation, yet remains challenging on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. We propose Measured Quantum Time Evolution (MQTE), an ancilla-free algorithm that estimates energy gaps by applying real-time evolution to a reference state and measuring time-resolved probabilities via repeated projective measurements. Spectral analysis of these signals reveals oscillation frequencies corresponding to eigenvalue differences. Crucially, MQTE exhibits inherent robustness to quantum hardware noise and sampling errors: these disturbances manifest as a white-noise background, which does not distort the underlying spectral structure but rather obscures the frequency information. By increasing the number of measurement samples, the intensity of the background white noise can be suppressed, thereby recovering the original spectral content. We validate the algorithm's performance via numerical simulations on one- and two-dimensional Heisenberg models, demonstrating accurate extraction of energy gaps and resilience against both sampling and circuit-level noise. Experimental implementation on the superconducting quantum processor Tianyan-176-II further confirms the practical feasibility and noise tolerance of MQTE under real hardware conditions. This work provides a robust and scalable framework for quantum spectral estimation in the NISQ era.

As early as 1935, Schrödinger recognized entanglement as ``not one but rather the characteristic trait of quantum mechanics, the one that enforces its entire departure from classical lines of thought''. Indeed, most remarkable phenomena in quantum information science, such as quantum computing and quantum teleportation, spring from clever uses of entanglement. Among them, pseudotelepathy enables two or more players to win systematically at some cooperative games with no need for communication between them, a restriction that would make the task impossible in a classical world. We investigate the power of multipartite entanglement for pseudotelepathy. Some known games that can be won with tripartite entanglement cannot be won with bipartite entanglement, but they can be won with bipartite nonsignalling resources such as the so-called Popescu--Rohrlich nonlocal box. We exhibit a five-player game that can be won with tripartite entanglement, but not with arbitrary bipartite nonsignalling resources even in the presence of arbitrary five-partite classical resources. This illustrates both the power of bipartite nonsignalling resources (over bipartite entanglement) and the even superior power of tripartite entanglement.

This paper introduces Witnessed Quantum Time Evolution (WQTE), a novel quantum algorithm for efficiently computing the eigen-energy spectra of arbitrary quantum systems without requiring eigenstate preparation-a key limitation of conventional approaches. By leveraging a single ancillary qubit to control real-time evolution operators and employing Fourier analysis, WQTE enables parallel resolution of multiple eigen-energies. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the algorithm achieves Heisenberg-limited precision and operates with only a non-zero wavefunction overlap between the reference state and target eigenstates, significantly reducing initialization complexity. Numerical simulations validate the algorithm's effectiveness in molecular systems (e.g., H4 chains) and lattice models (e.g., Heisenberg spin systems), confirming that computational error scales inversely with maximum evolution time while maintaining robustness against sampling errors and quantum noise. Experimental implementation on an NMR quantum processor further verifies its feasibility in real-world noisy environments. Compared to existing quantum algorithms (e.g., VQE, QPE and their variants), WQTE exhibits superior circuit depth efficiency, resource economy, and noise resilience, making it a promising solution for eigen-energy computation on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices.

The COHERENT collaboration reports the most precise measurement of the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering cross section to date. This measurement was performed with COHERENT's germanium detector array, Ge-Mini, at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. A cumulative exposure of $4.68\times10^{22}$ protons on target yielded a total number of observed counts of $124^{+14}_{-12}$ and a flux-averaged cross section of $1.00 \pm 0.10 \mathrm{(statistical)} \pm 0.10 \mathrm{(systematic)}$ relative to the standard-model expectation of $5.9\times10^{-39} \mathrm{cm}^2$. The well-understood energy and timing distributions of the neutrino source allow for independent measurements of muon- and electron-neutrino scattering rates. This information is used to improve constraints on non-standard neutrino interactions mediated by heavy particles.

Living systems continuously transform matter and energy through the chemical processes that constitute their metabolism. The overall metabolic rate of an organism correlates positively with its body mass, however both the exact scaling behavior and possible explanations for this behavior have been under intense debate for two centuries. This review synthesizes empirical findings and theoretical frameworks on the energetics of living systems from an interdisciplinary perspective, with a focus on physical concepts. A general thermodynamic framework to study metabolism is laid out, together with a coarse-grained description of metabolic biochemistry. The rich history of experimental work in this field is surveyed, revealing a variety of metabolic scaling patterns at different levels of biological organization, from individual cells to whole populations. Several biophysical models proposed to explain the sublinear scaling of metabolic rate with body mass are summarized. Though the traditional focus has been on adult organisms, the review also highlights recent advances that probe metabolism during development. Improvements in experimental techniques, extensive datasets, and a host of open questions, suggest the field will continue gaining momentum in the near term. The review concludes with an outlook for this future progress: an interdisciplinary approach to elucidate metabolic scaling across different developmental stages and organism sizes.

We present the full transseries of the strong-coupling expansion of the cusp anomalous dimension in ${\cal N}=4$ super Yang--Mills theory. This quantity admits an exact representation as a ratio of two determinants with particularly simple strong-coupling expansions. Nonperturbative contributions are classified by partitions into distinct non-negative odd integers and obey a universal structure. The corresponding Stokes constants are computed iteratively. The resulting resurgence pattern exhibits fermionic-type behavior.

Non-Markovian dynamics is ubiquitous in both quantum and classical systems, but the numerical computation of the time-delay dynamics is demanding. In this work, we propose an efficient quantum algorithm for solving linear distributed delay differential equations and identify the condition under which it applies. Using the linear chain trick, the distributed delay differential equations can be embedded into ordinary differential equations augmented with auxiliary variables, when the kernel function is characterized by a phase-type distribution. Employing the Schrödingerization method, the resulting equations can be embedded into the Schrödinger equation and efficiently solved by Hamiltonian simulation. Although this embedding requires the augmented differential equation to be semi-stable, we show that it is satisfied if and only if the original distributed-delay differential equations are semi-stable. The query complexity to obtain the normalized solution state of the $N$-dimensional delay system $|\mathbf{x}(t)\rangle\equiv\mathbf{x(t)}/\vert\vert\mathbf{x}(t)\vert\vert$ is $\mathcal{O}((st\vert\vert H\vert\vert_{\max}+\logε^{-1}/\log\logε^{-1})\vert\vert\mathbf{x}(0)\vert\vert/\vert\vert\mathbf{x}(t)\vert\vert)$ with $ε$, $g$, $H$, and $s$ being the allowable error, the dimension of the auxiliary variables associated with each kernel function, the Hamiltonian operator, and its sparsity, respectively. The gate complexity is given by this quantity multiplied by $\mathcal{O}(m+\log(N(1+gs)))$, where $m$ is the number of precision bits. To demonstrate the efficacy of our method, we present its applications to the generalized master equation and to the Redfield equation of the dephasing model.

We identify overdamped gauge phonons as a new microscopic route to non-Fermi-liquid behaviour in Dirac materials. These phonons couple to electronic currents rather than densities, thereby realising a lattice analogue of transverse gauge-field mechanisms without requiring proximity to a quantum critical point. By computing the electronic self-energy with a phonon propagator dressed by electron-phonon interactions, we show that the low-energy behaviour is controlled by the orbital susceptibility chi and a dimensionless damping parameter alpha. In the overdamped regime, alpha >> 1, quasiparticles display strong deviations from Fermi-liquid theory. For chi > 0, Fermi-liquid behaviour persists only in a parametrically narrow infrared window before crossing over to non-Fermi-liquid scaling. For chi < 0, the Fermi-liquid regime is replaced by marginal-Fermi-liquid behaviour at the lowest energies, followed by a crossover to non-Fermi-liquid scaling. These results establish strain- induced gauge phonons as a promising source of anomalous metallic behaviour in systems such as twisted bilayer graphene.

We study the cross-resonance effect in capacitively-coupled fluxonium qubits and devise a simple formula for their maximum ZX interaction strength. By going beyond the perturbative regime, we find that a CNOT gate can generally be realized in under 200 ns with residual ZZ limited to 50 kHz, for fluxonium qubits with frequencies below 1 GHz. Our analysis relies on a semi-analytical method: we first numerically diagonalize the Floquet Hamiltonian of the strongly-driven control qubit and then perturbatively incorporate the weak qubit-qubit coupling to obtain an effective Hamiltonian. We also derive frequency collision windows around harmful control-target and control-spectator transitions. For large fluxonium devices, we predict a collision-free yield that is considerably less sensitive to junction variability compared to transmons in the same layout. These results support the viability of an all-fluxonium cross-resonance architecture with only capacitive couplings.

In this work, we investigate the magnetic reconnection (MR) process as a mechanism for energy extraction from a rapidly rotating Buchdahl star (BS), one of the most compact horizonless objects that can, in principle, possess a spin parameter exceeding the extremal limit of a black hole (BH). We explore the energetics of the BS by focusing on the newly proposed MR mechanism developed by Comisso and Asenjo (the Comisso-Asenjo mechanism). Within this framework, we evaluate the energy extraction efficiency and the associated power output from a rapidly rotating BS. We show that the ergoregion of the BS exists only when the spin parameter satisfies $β>1/\sqrt{2}$. Consequently, the extraction of rotational energy through MR becomes possible only under this condition. Furthermore, we analyze the rate of energy extraction driven by fast magnetic reconnection and compare the resulting power with that predicted by the Blandford-Znajek mechanism. Our results indicate that the energy extraction rate increases significantly when the BS spin parameter exceeds the extremal limit for a BH, highlighting that MR can be substantially more efficient than the Blandford-Znajek mechanism. We demonstrate that MR can greatly enhance energy extraction efficiency from rapidly rotating BS with a large spin, making such an object potentially more efficient engines of high-energy astrophysical processes than BH.

The rotational excitation of the three asymmetric-top molecular ion isotopologues H$_2$O$^+$, HDO$^+$, and D$_2$O$^+$ is studied theoretically using a combined framework of electron-molecule R-matrix scattering theory, multichannel quantum-defect theory, frame transformation theory, and the Coulomb-Born approximation. The latter two have been adapted here for asymmetric-top rotors. State-resolved cross sections and kinetic rate coefficients for transitions from the rotational ground state of the ions are presented. State-resolved rate coefficients for all calculated transitions $N=0\ldotstwo4$ are included as supplementary material and will be made available through the EMAA database.

A widely accepted picture of an accretion flow in the luminous soft spectral state of X-ray binary systems is a geometrically thin disc structure much like the classic analytic solution of Shakura \& Sunyaev. Although the analytic models are troubled by instabilities and miss important aspects of physics, such as magnetic fields, they are successfully used as a framework for interpreting observational data. Here, we compare the results of general relativistic radiative magnetohydrodynamic (GRRMHD) simulations of optically thick, mildly sub-Eddington accretion on a stellar-mass black hole (the puffy disc) with established analytic and semi-analytic accretion models in the same regime. From the simulations, we find that the accretion flow is stabilised by the magnetic field, with a puffed-up, optically thick region resembling a warm corona surrounding a denser and cooler disc core. However, the stratified vertical structure of the disc significantly influences the observational picture of such a system. We analyse the inner disc structure, flow properties, effective viscosity, and inner edge position, and compare them to the predictions of standard models. We find that the simulated discs share some similarities with the models; however, they differ in several important aspects, most notably: the photosphere is geometrically thick, the inner edge is located closer to the central black hole than the analytic models assume, the surface density is significantly lower than analytically predicted, and the effective viscosity parameter is not constant but rises steeply in the innermost region.

(Abridged) Recently, streamers have been observed causing shocks at the outer edge of protoplanetary disks. The study of sulfur-bearing species can help us to understand the physical and chemical changes caused by infalling streamers toward their landing positions. We study the physical properties traced by SO$_2$ and SO toward the Class I protostar Per-emb 50, which is possibly related to the streamer infalling toward its disk. We present new NOEMA A-array observations as part of the large program "Protostars and Disks: Global Evolution" (PRODIGE). We analyzed the morphology of SO$_2$ and SO, and complement our interpretations with additional H_$2$CO and CO data from the same program. We compared the SO$_2$ and SO morphology with an infalling-rotating model. We applied Bayesian model selection to the brightest SO$_2$ line to disentangle the different kinematic components traced by this molecule. We used Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) and non-LTE analyses to determine the temperature and density of the SO$_2$ emission. There are two separate peaks of SO$_2$ emission offset toward the southwest of Per-emb 50, one brighter (peak 1) at about 180 au from the protostar, and a weaker one (peak 2) at about 400 au. Peak 2 is blueshifted with respect to an infalling-rotating envelope. We propose that this peak is caused by the shock between the inner envelope and the streamer. Peak 1 is consistent with the expected envelope motion, and could thus be caused by shocks at the disk-envelope interface, but potential streamer influence cannot be neglected. Both peaks show abundance ratios consistent with a low velocity shock ($\sim 3-4$ \kms) when compared with shock models. Streamers can affect the physical and chemical structure of both disks and envelopes, suggesting that streamers can play an important role in shaping both structures in the embedded stages of star formation.

Laser frequency combs (LFCs) are a promising technology for wavelength calibration of astronomical high-resolution spectrographs requiring utmost accuracy and stability, since they directly translate the fundamental SI time standard from the radio frequency regime to optical frequencies. However, they have so far seen limited use in practice, due to their complexity, incomplete wavelength coverage, but also the challenges in the data analysis they imply. Here, we present a detailed test of a 34 GHz electro-optic modulation comb with the ESPRESSO spectrograph. Using thin-film lithum-niobate waveguides for broadening and harmonic generation, the setup provides partial coverage of the IR, visible, and near-UV spectral ranges. We focus on assessing the quality of the delivered spectra and their capability to facilitate accurate and stable wavelength calibration. We present a detailed analysis of the spectrally-diffuse background, the line width, and characterize the line-spread function over a broader width than possible with the ESPRESSO facility LFC. Comparing both combs, we find strong local discrepancies in the wavelength calibration accuracy up to 15m/s , which correlate with the echellogram structure. These do not originate from the lasers, but from misalignments in the ESPRESSO calibration unit, highlighting the strong need to make instrument fiber feeds more robust to light-injection effects. Nevertheless, we demonstrate excellent stability of the wavelength calibration, with a scatter of only 17cm/s . This, however, can only be achieved when accurately modeling the non-Gaussian line-spread function, showcasing the need for advanced data analysis techniques when dealing with LFC spectra.

We propose a decoupled divergence-free neural networks basis (Decoupled-DFNN) method for solving incompressible flow problems, including the Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations. To ensure the divergence free property exactly, the velocity field is represented as the curl of a stream function in two dimensions and as the curl of a vector potential in three dimensions. Beyond classical stream-function or velocity-vorticity formulations, we further utilize the properties of the curl operator to derive two specific decoupled subproblems for the velocity (through the stream function or vector potential) and the pressure, respectively. The proposed formulations enable a sequential solution strategy, in which the velocity and pressure are solved independently. To resolve the inherent nonlinearity of the Navier-Stokes equations, we employ a Gauss-Newton linearization strategy, transforming the nonlinear velocity subproblem into a sequence of linear subproblems. These decoupled subproblems for velocity and pressure are subsequently solved using the TransNet framework. Compared with existing methods, the proposed approach reduces computational cost while strictly preserving the incompressibility constraint.

The candidate topological superconductor UTe$_2$ exhibits a complex phase diagram with multiple superconducting states, yet the nature of their coexistence has remained a central mystery. In particular, the apparent intersection of two second-order phase boundaries at a ``triple point'' in the pressure-temperature phase diagram is thermodynamically forbidden, suggesting hidden phase transitions or a fundamental misunderstanding of the superconductivity in UTe$_2$. Here, we use pulse-echo ultrasound to resolve this puzzle by discovering a new phase boundary that is characterized by a unique ``upward jump" in the sound velocity -- direct thermodynamic evidence for a re-entrant phase transition. Our results establish $\left(P^{\star},T^{\star}\right)$ as a tetracrtical point, beyond which the ambient and pressure-induced superconducting order parameters form a multi-component state. We use the measured phase diagram to construct a Ginzburg-Landau theory that shows that strong competition between the two superconducting order parameters drives the re-entrance and leads to phase locking that suppress superconducting fluctuations. These findings provide the definitive magnetic field-temperature-pressure phase diagram and establish a thermodynamic foundation for multi-component -- and potentially topological -- superconductivity in UTe$_2$.

Electrochemical water electrolysis, which produces clean energy carriers to mitigate carbon emissions, lacks suitable, low-cost electrodes for efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline water splitting. To address this challenge, we developed Zn-Al alloy electrodes with varying Al contents up to 20 wt.% via powder metallurgy method and conducted electrochemical measurements of the OER in alkaline solution to investigate their catalytic performance. We also performed first-principles calculations to examine their thermodynamic phase stability and electronic structures. Both theoretical and experimental results indicated that incorporating $\geq 20$ wt.% Al into Zn led to thermodynamic phase instability and secondary-phase segregation in Al-rich regions, limiting reaction kinetics and reducing catalytic efficiency. Although the Al content of 5 wt.% into Zn exhibited favorable thermodynamic and electronic characteristics, but its electrochemical performance was inefficient and poor due to inadequate reaction active sites on the surface. In contrast, the 10 wt.% and 15 wt.% Al into Zn showed approximately three- and two-fold increases in anodic exchange current density relative to pure Zn, respectively. Additionally, the anodic overpotential losses ($η_{0,a}$) measured at a current density of 12 mAcm$^{-2}$ were 0.240 V for Zn$_{0.9}$Al$_{0.1}$ and 0.5603 V for Zn$_{0.85}$Al$_{0.15}$, significantly lower than that of pure Zn ($η_{0,a} = 1.086$ V). While Zn$_{0.9}$Al$_{0.1}$ and Zn$_{0.85}$Al$_{0.15}$ showed similar charge transfer resistance ($R_{\rm CT}$), Zn$_{0.9}$Al$_{0.1}$ demonstrated superior reaction kinetics and lower $η_{0,a}$ across all samples tested. Furthermore, the improved kinetics and reduced overpotential of the Zn-Al alloys favorably compare with those of other transition-metal-based catalysts, including Fe-Co-Ni-Mo alloys and Fe-doped CuO.

Rare $b\to s\ell^+\ell^-$ decays provide some of the most sensitive tests of the Standard Model and require precise and systematically improvable hadronic input from lattice QCD. For the phenomenologically important channel $B\to K^*\ell^+\ell^-$ this entails a first-principles treatment of a resonant $Kπ$ final state together with controlled heavy-quark dynamics. We present the status of a new exploratory lattice calculation that combines a variational determination of finite-volume $Kπ$ states with the $1+J\to2$ finite-volume formalism to access the relevant matrix elements. The computation is carried out on an RBC/UKQCD domain-wall fermion ensemble with $a^{-1} \approx 2.7\,\mathrm{GeV}$ and employs a dual heavy-quark strategy, using both a relativistic heavy-quark action tuned to the physical $b$ mass and domain-wall heavy masses extrapolating from charm. All correlation functions are computed using (stochastic) distillation, providing a versatile setup that supports a broad range of heavy-to-light transitions into resonant final states. We show first two-point results for the $K^*\leftrightarrow Kπ$ system and discuss the accessible kinematic region, which allows for a controlled study at high $q^2$. The outlook for extending the calculation to lower $q^2$ and for incorporating effects from charmonium resonances is outlined.

Feedback control plays a central role in active matter, yet it is inevitably accompanied by noise and finite perception--action delays. This Perspective reviews recent advances on active systems with delayed interactions, showing how time delay can induce activity, chirality, transport, and collective pattern formation, and can act as an effective control parameter for switching between dynamical states. We discuss representative single-particle and many-body systems, highlight key experimental realizations, and argue that time delay constitutes an underexplored dimension of morphological intelligence--where intrinsic response dynamics, rather than explicit sensors or computation, enable functional behavior in active matter.